WSWS : v^W h` |@L;n : iNy` up-mh`Qpy
j`w&Nwr a`rK;k uQ@{~;n@Y jyhny @qml jny` \KmW kr
ssp sh /lAk`-Il`M sm`jv` sh`N sAgmyK s>h` stn
eLy aW adAvt gW ssp s`m`kyN qhS m b>v hwr vn j`w&Nwr@Y j`w&Nwr k@V k`\y
1998 @qs#MbR 1
y aW adA@V / lAk`@V sm`jv` sm`nw` pK;@Y ym s`m`kyN @qml IlM K @k` sA[`ny (eLI) N qv` h l#b a# bvt lq v`Rw` whr# kr g#mt sm`jv` sm`nw` pK;y smW .
r#`n sMbN[N q k`n`qN n@LvrN q r`@JNN qR\N q n 50K wrM g k`lyK aW adA@V r>v`@gn @mN p s#Pw#MbR 13 q` qv` h l#h. 17 nK aW adA@V wb`@gn r`srWnM r`s@VL s#Pw#MbR 16 n q` h l#. sm`jv` sm`nw` pK;@Y (ssp) @mm s`m`kyN @qn`m yhpW @s_š&@yN p@v. eK a@y vW eLIy N |n @M v[bN[nyt @h~ @vnW \`k ap@y~jnykt pW @n` krn l.
ssp s`m`kyN qhS m j`wN aN s>h` argly lq v#qgW jyhny; ey lAk`@V h` IlM @qml jny` r`j&@Y agNtW j`k dnytW r#Q[v @gn yN n argly \KmW kr.
sm`jv` sm`nw` pK;y q hwr vn
j`w&Nwr@Y j`w&Nwr kv q @l~k sm`jv` @vB ady q N y`Wmk kr l#
j`w&Nwr a`rK;k uQ@{~;ny @n`vNnt @mm ply
lb`gw @n` h# v a#w. ssp s`m`kyN qhS kr g#m s>h` Q[ uQ@{~;nyK @gny @h`W
ey em s@h~qrvr#N@G mrnyt @q a#w# yn s^ anr# h#
aN@M eLIy wmNt q @qml j`k arglyt q nr# p`k @gn y h#v m`vwN ivWmt @Q\p`ln vs@yN K;n NvK @gn a#w. sm`jv` sm`nw` pK;yt e@rv @mm mRqn v&`p`ry eLIy N ذN gtm pvWv`@gn y l#@V nM, ey @qml j`k v&`p`ry q q @Q\vl kMkr# pNy q awr sMbN[w`v a\Nm qr# h`ykt pWkrNnt @h~ ar# gnn`vkt s kr qmNt id .
@mm ssp s`m`kyN @k`N@Q rwv qhSkr hn @ls q a vs@yN oN aW adAvt gW bv gN y >#yNt avm a`rK;`v lb` @qn @ls q eLIyt blkr q a`y`@V h` @l`v r` ym m`nv kM h` kMkr# sA[`nvlt q @vnW uWk w#n#WwNt q ssp h` j`w&Nwr kv S kr. sm`jv` sm`nw` pK;yt e@r mRqny n#v#W y y eLIyt y` m g#n v@N q iNy`@V wL n` `Nw@Y q oS@y`@V, @r~p@Y sh ur# a#mk`@V @Q\gw @qml j`v awr q @qml jny`t, a @|;@yN m k^w @v.
oN e@S k@L / lAk`@V r`j&yt q ey @qml jny`t r#Q[v pvWv` @gn yNn` Q[yt q e@rv @qml-Ahl jnw`v eKsW mt stN kr a# kMkr# pN pK;y mRqny m @qml j`k arglyt vlkp` @p` @pr a`Nv \KmW mt uqV krn bv oN N vth`g l# s` y.
e@S v q ssp@Y j`wN aN q e s`m`kyN@G h` a`[`rkr#vN@G L aN q b>v rNwrv pK;`k` y v a#w. y y`m`Rgy @qml j`yt ipW mt sspyt pvWn` j`wN ayt a# g#m N iyt @n` krn bvt @Q\gw eLI n`ykWvy @h~ lAk`@V vN@Y eLI Sw @Q\vl bl[`N @h~ shk kr n#w.
ssp y`m`Rgy
eLIy wm sm`jv` @Q\p`ln r#Q[v`N mRqnyt lKmt e@r j`w&Nwr uQ@{~;n v&`p`ry, @|;@yNm @qml j`k argl@Y a`[`rkr#vN@gN, eLIy g#n ssp@Y wK@Sr#v b>v q j`k dny pr`jy @M a@P @l~p`y h` a@P ih`sy sh y`m`Rgy b>v q eNn eNnm v# vn mM sAš&`vK l#mt @B.
j`w&Nwr k@V / lAk` \`š`v vn ssp stN krN@N / lAk`@V sh IlM sm`jv` sh`N sAgmyK whr# m s Ahl sh @qml kMkr#vN@G h` @g`yN@G Plvv` sN[`nyK @g`dn#m s>h` y. mhjnw`v@G j`wNv` @h~ sm`j av\&w` vK / lAk`@V [@N|vr pN@Y p`lny yt@W @h~ 1947-48 iNy` up mh`Qp@Y ӵv l# j`k r`j& pQ[@Y m`vN l n`gw @n` h# y. lAk`@V q IlM q pg`Wvy ytW w aw@Y q ذN gtm em @Q\vl pvWv`@gn y lbn aŽr`j&v` a`Žpw&@Y q p`ky; ey jygw h# v a#W@W @l~k sm`jv` Plv@Y @k`tsK @ls kMkr#vN@G h` @g`N@G a`NvK ӵm N pm.
ssp, @qml jny` ytW kr wb`g#m s>h` / lAk`@V r`j&y N vsr 15K S@S pvWv` @gn y lbn Q[y @k@R Plvv` pr`jkv` a`S}`nyK pvWv`@gn @g`S @B. ey ur# n#@gnr pl`WvN / lAk` a`rK;k hq` vh`m @k`N@Q rwv ivW krgw v a#w# iLl` .
kMkr# pNy [@N|vr@Y @Q\p`ln a`Žpw&@yN Kw kr g#mt q y ԫwyN@G n`ykWvy q#y h# s›`k Plvv` bl@VgyK bvt ey pvRwny mt q sm`jv` sm`nw` pK;y Q[yt e@rv qr` n a`S}`ny @KNy y. Q[y v&snyK bvt pW a#W@W stNvl v# br p#t ur# h` n#@gnr @qml mhjnw`vt pmnK @n` @V. / lAk`@V [@N|vr pNy ey q@N mh` jnw`v@G j`wN aNt sh vn mTtMvlt e@r m`l h`ryK sA[`ny m s>h` q Ahl j`@w&`Wwmv` q^v`qy vg` m s>h` q MryK @ls @y`q` @gn a#w.
iw` m$w m`svl @qyt ap m` @v@w`W, @p` @pr a`Nv pl`W sX` €Nq mM n ymyK n#v kL w#mt q vn r` h y p#nmt q t-@p`S @m@hM b>v y v`Rw` t v`rnykt ytW mt q Q[y p`C k@L y; Q[y s>h` y k#m#W@wN @k@rn pq`nyK @lst mv` @pNv` wvW v#P k#LlK q @p` @pr a`Nv N ptv l#b a#w. "j`k aRqyK l" wmN@G iLM ipW m " n#w#" yn [@N|vr wRky nr#Cc`rny krn kMkr# l[r@Y a`[`r@yN @p` @pr a`Nv q#N uWs`h krN@N y Qgk aA\ kMkr#vN mw q v#P kPp`v p#t#mt y.
ssp Q[yt qKvn r#Q[Wv@yN eLI@Y
j`k @bMv` y`m`Rgyt @m`nm a`k`r @h~ sh`y mK gm& @n` @V. eLIy @SWm
oN@G s#b$ a@PK;` @h~ aN k`w @n` krn bvt ssp u@R h` n#@gnr @qml mhjnw`vt
anr# h
Q[yt e@r kMkr# pN n`ykWv@yN mhjn v&`p`ryK eLIy N @y~jnyt @gn u@R sh n#@gnr wm bly whr# krg a#w# yn wRky, Q[ytW @p` @pr a`NvtW e@rv q pl`Wvl mhjnw`v bl g#N@M argl@yN ssp pb#Smt @SW m smW vN@N n#w. g` / lAk`@V r`j&@Y @X_k Ek`w`v km mN ԫw Ahl sh @qml jnw`v@G eKsWkm @g`dn#y @n` h# y.
kMkr# pN@Y Sv`n y`k`Wv@Y plyK @ls Q[y avsN v @h`W, vn l pN gkyN slv m pvRwny v a#w; K;k Q[my ply mK vW, Q[yt e@rv s`R}k kMkr# pN blg#NmK Ahl h` @qml kMkr#vN ek mt q n`gk h` gMbq, Ahl h` @qml kMkr#vN@G h` [@N|vr@Y sN[`nyK @g`dn#mt q @n`y h# @ls v` shgw @k`N@Q Rm`ny kr a#w; Q[y avs`nykt @gnEm mN kMkr# pNy, @qml jnw`v@G K@Y s#b$ @y~jky` @ls q kLp sm`j wNyk n`yky` @ls q wm ay ipW mt smWv a#w.
@k`lx kMkr#vN@G h` @g`N@G a`NvK blyt pW m IlM l m pN {ww` @k`t emhnt @gn e a#w; @my eLIy h` e @bMv` y`m`Rgy eqrV m imhW @ls ph kr q a#w. em @Q\vl @qml ԫwyN wmN@G q pl`Wvl pN s@h~qrvr#N@G evN y`vN, / lAk`-IlM sm`jv` sh`N sAgmyK ӵm mN wmN@G j`wN h` pN av\&w` s`K;`W mt @q`r h#r @qn bv q#kg a#w; E awr @qml [@N|vr pNy, wmN@G Ahl mLlvyN, oN@G bly h` @Qpl n#m g#n qKvn @y pAk`ryN v a#w. evN w l u@R h` n#@gnr [@N|vr @qml r`j&yK g`Wv@Y a`kR\n @KNy bvt pWv aŽr`j&v`q@Y q Ahl [@N|vr pN@Y q \`l @k`tSvl sh@y~gy n`g a#w# apt RXyv m v h# y.
ih`s@Y a`@l~k@yN "SvyA-Rny"
eLIy q v&`j-sm`jv` kNd`yM asAš&yk oN@G shkr#@v~ q wL-IlM j`k r`j&yK Rm`ny mt ssp qKvNn` r#Q[Wvy q a# On$m r#Q[WvyK @qml j`@Y "SvyA-Rny" K@p mK y y` p`. yM @|; @Q\p`ln v#d@vlkt kMkr# pNy qKvNn` r#Q[Wvy, g`Wvy em v#d@vlt m qKvNn` r#Q[Wvy smg sm`n m vn` @pr t m kMkr# pNy e SvyA-Rny whr# kr g#mt e@rv j`k [@N|vry N @y`q` g lbn pcy. "SvyA Rn@Y" s`rw g aNwRgwy "j`k dny a@h~ m" aWpW krgw h#K@K / lAk`-IlM sm`jv` sh`N sAgmyK s>h` ssp@Y y`m`Rgy N m pmn.
j`k |ny ز klK S@S m`KSv` v&`p`ryt g#t shgwv a#w. @k@S v q j`k-j`wN h` sm`jv` iLM s>h` argly q j`k "SvyA-Rny" s>h` k#>m q awr sb>w`v p#h# mt mh` QN upS}MXkv a#w. j`kv`N j`y sq`k`k vRgyK @ls n#nM m`nv vR[n@Y \Sw avŽy @ls slkn nW j`N vn` @eh`k p`qnyK y m`KSv`@y~ slk. j`k v&`p`ryN q j`k r`j& Rm`ny m q mN btr @r~p@Y h` a#mk`@V n# en [@N|vr pN @Qy @vl>plK mw wm aŽk`ry ӵv` [@N|vr@Y vR[nyt e@rv ӵt`gW v#dvsM sm`j sMbN[w` sh @r`@b` n`\ kr q#h.
@b`L@K pK;@Y q pv @k`ST j`w&Nwr@Y q y`m`Rgy lt SvyA-Rny a#lW kr l#@V iNy`@V @mN s^ w p`lnyt n q n#w @h`W n@Y @h~ ir`n@Y @mN aR[ w r`k$mt lK q @Q\vl nn [@N|vr sMbN[w` yNwM p#nnN p#v smyk y.
v#dvsM prm`Žk`ryK N p`lny kr l#v` q, a`Rk sAvR[n@Y slv @vnS avN p [ j`k-jnv`Rk kNd`yM g#Bkr gWw` q aŽr`j&yK s`Rv` r#y`@V @b`L@Kvr#N N SvyA-Rny b> stN p`y ipW krn lQ@Q [ j`N@G kMkr#vN awr s`Rv` dn@yN av` ev`kM jy g#@M m`[&yK @lsW wmN@G pN av\&w` @p~;ny m u@qs` mh` r#y` j`@w&`Wwmv`qyt e@r mhjn @r~[y gs`k$mt w#W kl [@N|vr j`kv`N@G ;@{~r blp$mt e@rv stNv#m sW y.
SvyA-Rny b> ay vn`, "@[n`Wmk" iLmK y q vd`W uw y` @vl @ls j`k @bMv`qyt sh@y~gy mK iN gm& vN@N n#w# q E @vvt ey k`w k@L On$m ԫw j`yK wm aŽr`j&y l wb`g#m s>h` s`Rv` p`lny N t bly @y`q` g#mt e@rv q#K@vn r#Q[Wvy y q @lN av[`rny k@L y.
p k@lk SvyA-Rn a@Y aR}y St#Nv`N sh m`KSv`q@Y @vnW s`k`rkyN N s$m j`kv` iLmkt m sh@y~gy m s>h` tkvryK bvt k^w krn l. aq SvyA-Rnyt pK;v kw` m y @vnm r`j&ykt sh`y m @ls av`Ry@yN m aR}k}ny kr l#@B.
@lN q o@G smk`n sm`jv`@y~ q d` j`N@G irnm q, oN@G iLM q wmN@G v`yt @y`q` gNn` aŽr`j&v` up`m`r# g#n m#nN q#n yh. @b~LkN aR[Qpy sMbN[@yN gw @h`W, j`kv`Nt r#Q[v, t t en @L h#M mN d` jnv`Rk r`j&yN kp` @vNkr g#@M v&`p`ryt e@rv sm`jv` v&`p`ry @b~LkN aR[Qp@Y sm`jv` eKsW jnpqyK b> iqR\ny iSm k@L y. kMkr# pN@Y h` ԫw jnw`vN@G Plvv` y`k`Wvy N @b~LkN @Q\@Y av&`j j`wNv` eKsW X`vy a# @mN pmn, j`k g#M jyg#m sh wn k`Rk a`Rkyk sAvR[ny yn @qk m kl h# r`j& v&hyK Rm`ny kl h#v @N.
j`N@G SvyA-Rny b> stN p`yt e@r rgyn @r~[w` ipW kl @p~lNw j`k @ sm`jv`y @r~s` lK;MbRG, ey av`Ry@yN m j`k [@N|vry N wmN@G uvmn`kM s>h` @y`q` g a# bvt anr# h#<#v` y. j`N@G SvyA-Rn ay j`k SvC€NqyK pvWn` bv t` kr. e@hW lK;MbRG K;ny kl p pN arglyt uN @h~ tN evN SvC€NqyK a#W@W n#w. em SvC€Nqy vn` pN argl@Y m Rm`ny.
@n` nvn Plvy
@qvn @l~k Q[yt K;kv @pr` h` iK q\kvl j`k |ny mh` w-@r~ v&`p`r smg b#Š p#v#. a`gk, X`;`my, l @g~ vs@yN @b [ jnw`vN Ek`bQ[ kl @mm v&`p`rvlt g`d j`wNv` sh aŽr`j&-@r~ aNwRgwyK p#v#. w h` aR[ w bN[n > qm`, Rv-[nv` r`k$M Svr$p ag` qm` wn a`Rkyk @VgvW vR[nyt av\& pqnm sksn \`l a`Rk h` @Q\p`ln EkkyN ӵm smg j`k eKsWkm s>h` argly b#Š p#v# evN w l pv` a`y`@V h` ak`@V j`k |n@Y pN gky 19 vn \w vR;@Y btr @r~p@Y h` ur# a#mk`@V p#v# wWvyt vd` slv m @vnS y. aŽr`j&v`q@Y vR[nyW [@N|vr pNyt e@r Plvv` mLl@y @ls kMkr# pNy iSmmW smg j`k [@N|vry vdvd`W @bln q g` q y. j`k-j`wN Plvy l p#v# g q, @eh`kv av\& q @qy wv rtW [@N|vr@Y @Q\p`ln n`ykWvy yt@W n`gw @n` h# y.
@`TS@G @n` nvn Plv n&`@Y aR}X`ry p#v#@Y @m y. [@N|vr sAvR[ny kL pv rtvl [@N|vr-j`wN Plv@Y s`rw kRwv&yN Rv-[@N|vr r`k$@M h` dn@Y r$pyN n`\ kr q#m q j`wNv`v j`k eKsWkm sh sm`nw`v q s`K;`W krgw h#K@K j`k [@N|vryt e@r argly N y; kMkr# pNy N n`ykWvy @q l# ԫw jnw`v@G Plvv` sN[`nyK N y; [nv`qyt e@rv @l~k kMkr# pNy @gnyNn` arglyt sMbNŽwv y.
emN j`k dnyt e@r argly, m arN e aR}X`ry @h~ h X`vy a@h~ kr @n` g. e@vvt, kMkr# pN@Y n`ykWvy yt@W ԫwyN@G Plvv` sN[`nyK whr# mW smg aN y j`wNy kRwv&yN @mN m ey q (j`k dnyt e@r argly q) j`k [@N|vryt h` aŽr`j&v`qyt e@rv nv sm`j pRy`yK s>h` argly lt uphny kr g l#@b.
a@nK awt, j`k Ky sm`j K@yN @vN @k@rn w`K rt ey @Q\p`ln awy. @`TS n, iNy` sh @vnW w jny` Sv`nw`v s>h` @gny arglyNt sh@y~gy @qn gmN m 1940 hwr vn j`w&Nwry @v@vN yN @m@S anr# h#< y: "kL p p#nnn j`k r`j&yNt wvrtW Sv`n j`wNv` vR[nyK a@PK;` kl @n` h# y. r`pWvn [nv`q@yN vt aŽr`j&v` {ww`vN p#t# pvWn` pg` r`j&yk Sv`nw`v av`Ry@yN m aR[-bN[yK v a#w. e @Q\p`ln wNy, aX&Nwr pN {ww` sh b`r dny yt@W @n` v#l#Ky h# @ls mhjnw`vt e@r Ek`ŽpWvyK bvt pWv a#w. R@Y jnw` pK;@Y q n@Y @v~At`n@Y q p`ln wNyN eb‹ y; @ht iNy`@V g`NŽ@G p`lny q E h` sm`n v a#w."
@mm iqR\ny, @qvn @l~k Q[@yN p sm@Y mh` w aŽr`j& hm`r @k`t @Q\p`ln bly j`k [@N|vryt pvr` N smSw whrn aWq#m l m @\~cy @ls sn`} kr l#b a#w. r`j& bly aWkr g#@M j`k [@N|vry kt k@L ԫw jnw`v@G K q`yk@y @ls @n` v, aŽr`j&v` @k`Llkr#vN@G kt shkr#@v @ls y. aN qhS [@N|vr wN p#r r`k$M r$p`k`ryN n`v@|; n`\kr @n` q#v` W Sv`X`k sMpW h` k^k`Rk apnyn aw@l`SsK mw Š g#m > @n` q#v` W "j`k sAvR[n @vW" agmny klh. sm`jv`qy y svd` s`m`n&@yN ipW krn lq @mm s#l#M, @k@S @vwW, @Svy k@L k$qr, C€ [@N|vryK awt rl sMpW pW mt y.
m w#nk whrny j`k dny b> g#tvt s#b$ sŠmK lb` N@N n#w. @myt lv, a`y`@V h` ak`@V nv r`j& pQ[y ӵvn lQ@Q j`wNk l[Rm k^w mK mw y. mNq yW, Ev` ӵvn lQ@Q w @k`Lly q aŽr`j& Q[ q, r`@j&`p`y q mN ӵv l# @Q\p`ln EkkyN mw @h. Ev` mhjnw`v@G j`wNv` k#m#Wwt al m p@sk @Yv`, Ev`@Y @Q\ m` kvr k@lkW j`k-jnv`Rk @h~ @g~y m`vNt vW al @Y n#w. mhjnw`v@G a@PK;`vN sr`mt asmW q Ev`t sr# q j`k [@N|vr wN j`wN aN >, j`gn, @g~k sh j`k-jnv`Rk a`wN aSs` sm`j @prk`Wvy avmAgw @k`t, bly h` vrs`q s>h` lL k` g#@M @y @B.
whrn@Y sMX`v& uq`hrny @Y iNy` up-mh`Qp@Y @Q\p`ln bly w`n& aŽr`j&v`q@Y t iNy`v, pS}`ny sh lAk`@V j`k [@N|vr p`ln wNyNt m`r# m y. vn \w vR;@Y }mX`gy l iNy` up-mh`Qpy kMkr#vN@G h` @g`N@G sm`j aw^Py N clny kr l# blg aŽr`j&-@r~ v&`p`ryK N @s`lv`l l#. e@hW @mm v&`p`ry j`k [@N|vr@Y n`ykWvy yt@W p#v# @hN iNy`v a`gk @vW ud SM pS}`nyK q N iNy`vK q y@vN @bq` idMyN h` lv`qy smg sN[`nyK atv`gW j`gn @Hq ukl @bmK a#kl g @qvN avs`n y. iNy` j`k @k`Asy eKsW iNy`vK s>h` wmN@G m y`m`Rgy awh#r qm`, iNy` @bm gW@W, e pN sAy h` q^y s`, N h` SM @g`yN h` kMkr#vN awr ekkm pNnry g#N@M ekm m`vw @ls oN@G @p` dkyN idMy`, @p`k`ry` sh [@N|vr dkyNt e@rv Ek`bQ[ @M m`vwt mt asmW @h.
aq j`k [@N|vr p`ln@Y ad y vsrN p iNy` jny`@G ph`y w`n& p`lny yt@W p#v# wWvy q iKmv. iNy`vN 32 @k~yK qv@S v#dt av\& a`h`r k#l m`ny gw @n` h# wWvyk pvn bv sl krn qw` kdimt phN ; @k~ 18.6K vr @n` lb; @k~ 65K v# v# k @s_š& phkMvN @w`rv . m$w vR;vl sm`j aRqy wvwvW uvWm [@N|vry a`gM, l h` X`;` @Hq a#Sm u kr @B. iNy`v pS}`nyt e@rv N vw`vK q v# a#w. py m# m`s@Y, q#N N S@v~Wwmv` @Jy N @m@hy@vn iNy` a`Nv, iNy`@V ty n&k avN sNnQ[ m ar kr@gn n&k rM k@L y. It ektek krN pS}`ny n&k aWhq` b#mk @y@N y.
w`n& p`lny avs`n mt blp$m s>h` yM wrmkt mhjn v&`p`ryN ivs` qr` iNy` [@N|vry @mN @n` v lAk`@V [@N|vr pNy aŽr`j&v`qyt e@r @m`nyMm# arglyK h` smg @h~ sMbN[kM p#v#W @Y n#w. iNy`@V ߫kL blp$M @p~K ssNŽ@yN @m`Bbt Em v#l#Km s>h` q, lAk`@V stNk` kMkr#vN iNy`@V kMkr#vN smg eKm v#l#Km s>h` q o up-mh`Qp@yN lAk`v @Q\p`lkv @bq` mt eL gWh. 1948 w`n&yN N wmNt r`j& bly pvr` @q l# w l / lAk`@V [@N|vr pNy vh`m y` k@L wm p`lny j`gnv`qy mw pqnM m s>h` Ahl bwry @qml wryt e@rv ug#Nmt y. lAk`@V }m "Sv`n" p`R@MNv udrt vkr@Y @qml kMkr#vN@G rv# ay a@h~kr q#@V y. 1949 rv# pnw / lAk`@V q IlM q @qml jny`@G j`wN aNt e@rv iKv eLl krn lq h`ryNt pqnm q# y.
kMkr# pN n`ykWv@Y aRqy sh eLI@Y n#m
u@R h` n#@gnr @qml N Sv`n r`j&yK wn` g#mt rNwr@yN n#w@h`W زklK S@S yWn qr` a#w# eLIyt v @n` h# y. @qml @bMv`qy wr@Y, lAk` smsm`j pK;y hwr vn j`w&Nwr@yN Š @n` nvn Plv@Y y`m`Rgy K@p @mN @kr# kMkr# pN n`ykWv@Y aRqy .
qh@sN p k`l pC@Cq@Y , kMkr# pN@Y n`ykWvy @`TSv` v&`p`ry aw @N y yn kr#n s` lAk`v @|; y. 1948 @qml v kMkr#vN@G rv# ay b> argl@Y ptN, nv r`j&y l @qml jny`@G ay a`rK;` mt q Ahl j`@w&`Wwmv`qyt r#Q[mt q krn lq argly, evkt kMkr# pNy h` e n`ykWvy q#r$ @`TSv` lsspy smg s^v sMbN[v . @qml mhjnw`vN wmN@G j`wN aN n` @M bl@Vgy @ls kMkr# pNy q#kgW bv 1953 hRw`l@Y q 1963-64 iLM 21 v&`p`r@Y q @X_kv m qh` q#K.
@k@S @vwW, lssp@Y j`kv` ݶm, akv m @qml argly sh kMkr#vN awr sMbN[w`vy > @h y; emN @qml jnw`v [@N|vr j`kv` @Q\p`ln [`r`vkt a#q @hmt mg skS k@L y. / lAk`@V [np pN@Y j`k sAvR[n v&`p^yt q\kyK S@S agw @mN p 1964 lsspy @`TSv`q@yN Šm NpW kr / lAk` qhS pK;y smg a`N hlkt a#L y. Ahl pmnK r`j& X`;`v mt smW uQ@{~;ny yW k@L em a`rMXky`, eSdBVa`R bNd`rn`yk y; 1972 , /lpy smg @qvn sX`g a`N sgy` @ls y`kl lsspy Ahl X`;`@V vrs`w wWvy whr# kl` q Q[`gm r`j& a`gm kl` q v&vS}`vK sMmw @Ml` k y`kl`pyK i k@L y.
lAk` smsm`j pK;y Ahl mhj`v`qyt ytW w l wmN kMkr# pNy N awh#r qm l#b a#w# |v`s gW @qml jny`@G \`l @k`tsK j`k dnyt r#Q[Wvy q#K@M nv mA @sh. @my aN@M 1970 gnNvl eLIy q evN @vnW @qml j`k kNd`yM q y`pn aR[Qp@Y ;& wr#nyN awN mt N@N y.
@qml @bMv`qy p#nn#mt @H @qvn s`[kyK @Y / lAk`@V q j`w&Nwrv q St#Nv`qy ikl y`kl`py . lAk` smsm`j pK;yt @b`@h~ klkt @pr / lAk`@V @k`ST pK;y kMkr# pNy bNd`rn`ykt q /lpyt q ytW mt y` kr . /lpy "g" @hvW "aŽr`j&-@r~" [@N|vr@Y @y~wy` y @k`py N h‹Nvn l. @my j`k [@N|vry j`wN Plvy sMRn krn r# kMkr# pNy e n`ykWvy gw y yn @mN@K-St#Nv` avŽ @q@K Plvy b> n&`@Y / l`Ak Svr$py y.
Plvv` @s~yT St#Nv` l[ry N i krn lq y` kl`py vd`W brpwl aR}X`ryK q#r#@V y. wl Q[@Y sNqRXy l, aŽr`j&v`qyt blp$M q#@M m`RgyK @ls @s~yT sAgmy [ j`k v&`p`rvlt @y`q` gW@W y. ey @mvN v&`p`ryNt sh`y N@N aŽr`j&v`qy smg @q@g`Ll ekt p#v#@M myK @s`y` g#@M l[r@Y av\&w`vyt s$m tm ytWv y.
@Mny eK avŽyk ey` j`k arglyt sh`y pv i@y~y` aŽr`j&@Y p#r @Q\m`vN pvWv`@gn y`m s>h` @mNS wN@Y yWnyt t bly s#pm ey [ j`k v&`p`rvlt N sh`y @™rny @Y mh-bl @Q\p`ln@Y K@y l v` lb` g#@M k@~r gnNb#M N y yNn b> eK mn` uq`hrny. @k@S nW St#Nv` l[ry j`kv`qyt @qn lq sh`y j`k Ky b> iqR\ny, yM @eh`k Kj`w X`vyK sh Plvv` sMmwyK pv` a# @l~k sm`jv`qy s>h` argl@yN @vN q a$W q avŽyK @ls @pNv` mt @Svy k@L y.
kMkr# pN@Y pN argl@yN @qml j`k argly Š rsk mt mg p$@V lAk` smsm`j pK;@Y p`v`m bv hn` gN q St#Nv`qy j`kv`qy @p~;ny @M ikl t y`kl`py s#lLlt gN q ssp@Y @pr gmNkr# Plvv` @k`ST sAgmy, 1972 v&vS}`vtq emN whr# @kr# srs @V\y vRgv` pAvlt @bmt q r#Q[v p#nn# @qml wr#n kNd`yM awrt m#hW y. @mm kNd`yM imhW stNk`WvyK q k#pmt q`nmK q, @pNM kl awr m, @qml @k`tSvl pN @Q\p`lnyt b#Š p#v#nh; o L k`l@Y evkt @qml [@N|vr@Y [`n @Q\p`ln sA[`ny @qml eKsW K @prn smg spv v#d klh.
1970 gnNvl p X`g@Y @|;@yN m 1977 y blyt pW a#Ny @qml jny`t e@r h`r eLl @mN p sm@Y eLIy q @vnW @qml kNd`yM q wmN@G v`Km`l`@vN q up`yyN q vd`W ߫kL h. [@N|vr j`k v&`p`rvl r# m`vwK gN o a`[`r @s`y` @vnW [@N|vr r`j& (iNy`v) @qst q @s~yT h` n St#Nv` l[r wN @qst q h# gWh. epmnK @n`v, @m@wK wmN N @n`wk l#b sm`j iLM sw @qml kMkr#vN h` @g`N@gN a`[`r @g`kr g#m s>h` q St#Nv`N smg m s>h` q wmN "sm`jv`" y k`\ kr gWh.
e@hW @mm kNd`yM kvr k@lkvW @qml vkMkr#vN@G argly @v@vN @p @Y n#w; oN@G j`k v&`p^y aŽr`j&v`N N atvn lq @p~K s sNŽ @Q\ m`@V Q[Wvyt a@y~g k@L q n#w. @mm |ny m @M ap yNnt hqN@N "mh` wLn`vK" @h~ "@qml-r`j&yK" vd`W g @h~ sk& arnK y h#y yNn @n`@V. @mm uq`hrny N uQpny @k@rN@N eLI@Y h` @vnW @qml @bMv` kNd`yMvl arn h` a@PK;` ur# h` n#@gnr @qml [@N|vr kNd`yMvl s`Mq`k, @|;w`v` @Q\p`lny iyt @gny`mK m bv.
j`k K@Y n`m@yN @|;w`v`qy; nv j`k v&`p`r
eLIy vn` 1970 gnN h` 1980 gnNvl, j`k SvyA-Rn@Y n`m@yN, "w Kw" a`y`@V h` ak`@V r`j& C@Cqny m s>h` p#nn# @b`@h~ j`k v&`p`rvN ek. @qK iNy`v pmnK gw@h`W, py q\k @qk l @bMv` uQ@{~;n pNj`by, k`ry sh Is`ng a#s$M, Rš`, @b~@d~ h` @vnW @g~k jny` awr p#r @g`S @B. @eh`k j`k v&`p`r [ jny` wv`qyt e@rv Ek`bQ[ m iLl` awr, @mm nv j`k v&`p`r nv r`j& Rm`ny @M wm iLMvl pqnm bvt v`Rk-X`;` h` a`gk @vnSkM pWkr gWh.
g#„r# sm`j-a`Rk h` j`k Kg#n# s`, @mm @|;w`v` v&`p`r jny sh@y~gyK n` a# awr, @r~q`r a`Wm pw&`gyN pv` uW@Wjny kr a#w. e@hW @eh`k j`k v&`p`rvl q Ev` ӵ j`k r`j&vl q pLm j`k v`Rk-X`;`Wmk h` a`gk @bMv` y`m`Rgy vlA krN@N n#w. E @vvt ey, av[`rny krN@N @n` nvn Plvy b> @`TSv` iqR\ny y; whr# krN@N 1947-48 sm@Y aN Rm`ny kr l# iNy`v, pS}`ny sh / lAk`v v# r`j& j`wN Plv@Y gBs`vk s jyhnyk pl @n`vn bvW ak @eh`k aR}yN a\k& bvW k`\ kl iNy` up-mh`Qp@Y @`TSv`N@G rg qKn` bv y.
q a`y`@V vW, @b~LkN aR[Qp@Y @h~ ak`@V vW, shœsAš&`w j`k-jnv`Rk kNd`yM j`k-r`j& m` l m ӵtn p rL kl @n` h# y. evN rlK mt uWs`h q#m pv` avs`nyK n# @bq` @vN M s>h` iLMvlt @q`r h#rm. epmnK @n` v, evN iLM av`Ry@yN m aŽr`j&v`N N uN@G v`yt hr#vn Ev` v a#w; aXyAkr @L gAg`vkt mAp`q a#w.
j`k dny h` {R;ny b> g#tvt rpvWn` h` j`wN s‹mK lb`y h# vN@N [nv`qy h` ey @eh`kv Lb#s pvWn` j`k r`j&-pQ[y n`\ @k`t q#m s>h`W, vd` ihl sm`j myK s>h`W @k@rn argly .
@eh`k j`k v&`p`rvl ݶm q nv @bMv` v&`p`r LlK p#n n#m q L b#s a#W@W @Q\p`ln a`Rk@Y š @vnSkM l y.
p`qn@Y @g~y Ek`krny kLp [nv` sAvR[nyN rtvl j`k [@N|vry q aŽr`j&v`qy q awr g#mt yN p#v# a`Rk [`nyt vlkp` a#w. p`qn `G[ny j`k-r`j& r`v l @b`@h~rt p#v# w`K rt, wmN aw p#v# j`k r`j&y mw @Q\p`ln pp`lny aŽr`j&v` dnyt @r~[y q#Km s>h` q @Qy @vl>@p`l mw a`Žpw&y pvWv` g#m s>h` q n#en @Qy [@N|vryt v#qgW m`[&yK y.
@g~krnyW, @mm j`k @vl>@p`lvl aR}X`ry emN ݶ y`mW N @k@S @vwW, iNy`@V ptN @mK@k~v h` a`RjNn`v qKv` [@N|vr j`k wNvlt wm s`Mq`k j`k a`Rk @l~p`yN awh#r q#mt bl kr l#b a#w. q#N [ j`k [@N|vr wNyN uWs`h krN@N j`w&Nwr `G[nyt wm rtvl m`nv h` Sv`X`k sMpW r`k$m umt y b`[` ivW kr m mN wmN@G pAv q shk kr g#mt y.
nv @g~y a`Rk sMbN[w`vN N s`Mq`k [@N|vr j`k v&`p`rvl aŽr`j& @r~ @vSp$M kr qm` a# awrm, Ev` N, `@Qy vs@yN pqnM kNd`yMvlt j`w&Nwr `G[ny smg @kNm sMbN[kM a#kr g#mt h# vn @S pvWn` r`j&yN k#b# mt w#W krNn` nv m`yk j`k v&`p`r p#n n#mt @@v;k pqnM q sMp`qny kr @q l#b a#w. @my aŽr`j&v`qy N d`vt pW kr l# r`j&vlt pmnK m` k`rnyK @n` @V. k#nd`v, iw`y, sh w`n&y a# smhr p#r [@N|vr j`k r`j&yN l q brpwl @bMv` v&`p`r p#n n#g a#w.
j`w&Nwr k@V m$w k`\yK @m@S s>hN k@L y: "iNy`@V h` n@Y j`k v&`p`ry asm`n jn @k`tS aŽr`j&v`qyt e@r @p` arglyK l Ek`bQ[ @M g kRwv&y - j`k [@N|vr@Y n`ykWvy yt@W s`K;`W kl @n`h# @qyK @ls oP @kr# kRwv&y - m k@L y. j`kv`q@Y @mm nvr$py, @Qy r`kNnN@G yhpw s>h` jnv`Rk X`;`my sh a`gk @vW oS@S @bMv`qy vg` kr. @mvN v&`p`r aŽr`j&v`qyt e@r arglyK smg g$vW n#w; Ev` @m`n m aR}yN @h~ ԫw mhjnw`v@G g al`;yN aNwRgw kr gN@N vW n#w. Ev` kMkr# pNy @bmt q pN argly jnv`Rk-j`gnv` Q[vlt apsrny mt q uqV @v." (@g~krny sh j`w&Nwr kMkr# pNy: m`KSv`q@Y [@N|vr v`Nt rK, kMkr# m`vw, 1998 8)
eLI@Y v`Rw`v
\wvR; k`lk k`lpC@CqyK l @fdrL pK;@Y h` d eKsW K @pr@N v&vS}`v` @Q\p`lnyt e@rv kLpyK @ls p#nn# ߫kL @qml kNd`yM N @pNM kr a#W@W IlM @qml jny`@G q#@vn sm`j |nvlt q` s‹mK spy wb` em jny` ‰n j`k dn@yN pv` oN glv` g#mt, em kNd`yM @eNyv m asmW bv y.
IlM mhjn j`wN pK;, (IԬ)y, wL IlM K sA[`ny (@t@l~), wL IlM mhjn K sA[`ny (P@l~T) sh eLIyt mLl @vnW j`k kNd`yM yLl / lAk` r`j&y sh [@N|vry smg wm irnm eK@k`t a#w. aq em sA[`n kt krN@N u@R h` n#@gnr @qml jny` @k`lx p`lny ytwt g#m s>h` Q[ krn / lAk`@V a`rK;k hq`vN@G agMp @Sn`AkyN @lN y.
eLIy @M awr, @qml jny`@G SvyA-Rny b>v @kwrM y`p$vW, wmN@G argly Ahl [@N|vr@Y @k`tS, iNyN a`Nv sh aŽr`j& blvN smg up`m`r# q#m mw ذN gtm pqnM kr. wm`@gN iN-lAk` sMyt am#y lb` g l#@V vk` @ls y yNn eLI n`yk X`krN N y l#b qs vsrktW v# k`lyK @g @g`S a# aq q eLIy nvL p`lny @qs blN@N @qml jny`@G \k& g#lMkr#v @ls y. e@hN m q a`y`@V `@Qy blvw` @ls iNy` [@N|vr@Y y`p$m o@s`v` mt eLIy @b@hN unN y. k@lk eLIy sm`jv`q@Y, @V;@yN j`kv` a`Rk @l~p`yK @w`@r`MbL kl nW aq ey y`p`N@N Sv`n wL IlM r`j&yK N n#@gnr a`y` "v&`yN" akrny kl bv y; a`@y~jkyNt l`X œm @w`tK @ls kt kl bv y. [nvW @Q\gw [npN mw l& v\@yN eLIy Š y yNn p@sN w#vW, eLI@Y @Q\p`ln@Y pN wRky av`Ry@yN m @y` a#W@W e @Kdry aq, krNn` pw&`gyN vK bvt pW krn @Q\p`ln sMbN[w` kr` y. 1994 eLIy vWmN @p` @pr a`Nv blyt pWmt sh`y ; aq ey aŽr`j&v`-a`Žpw&yt ytW eKsW j`N@G mNdly @y`q` gN @qml-/ lAk` g#m "j`w&Nwkrny" mt w.
Ahl jnw`v @k@R eLIyt a#W@W l h` sr# bv pm. ey vdvd`W, q @Q\y l Ahl kMkr#vNt sh a@nK L v#yNt e@rv @b~Mb h` sNnQ[ h`rvl @y a#w. evN ivbv n# Swv` y` @Svy krN@N @qml jnw`v@G arglyt v`Rk-j`gn Svr$pyK lb`m mN q Ahl [np pN@Y apr`[vlt Ahl ԫwyN@gN pg#m mN q Ahl j`@w&`Wwmv`qy \KmW mt pmn.
m$w ar#vl eLIy 1996 y`pn @Q\@Y bly Ķy`m q a#v s#ly t pb$Mvlt, lK @B. @p` @pr a`N@V aRqy q Q[y @k@R q@N vR[ny vn @r~[y q smg eLIy yW h`r`Wmkv iyt Em y h# y. nv t jyhnyN eLIy N j`w&Nwr g#mK lb` g#m s>h` wvwvW dny @ymt - enM @qml j`k r`j&yK s>h` @l~k blvN@G sh`y lb`g#mt - q pvWn` pQ[y aS}`m g#n yvn aŽr`j&v`N eLIy @KvL @Msyt a#q q#mt dny @yqmt q av`Ry@yN m mg p`q a#w.
@qml IlM s>h` iLm iKv s`K;`W kr gN@N
@k@S q yNn 1987 iN-lAk` m mN @pr a<v l#b a#w. eKsW jnpqy, w`n&y h`
a@nW aŽr`j& blvN q iNy` [@N|vry q 's`m' sM@MlnyK k#>v` @qml r`j&yK kp` @vNm aK;ny kr
a#w. evN sm}ykt wm a`Rv`qy lb`m s>h`, oN @k`lx h` eLI wNyN@gN -@Q\p`ln
shkyN ur`g a#W@W - @mm r`j& @qk awr wm wmN@G bly h` aŽk`ry whr# kr g#m
s>h` wr< vn gmN m y.
av`Ry@yN m, nv @Q\m` a#Šm q v@N sMpW h` vWkM @bq`g#m q wv rtW Ahl-@qml a`wy u kr a# awr, aŽr`j&v`N Ev` wm v`yt @y`q` g a#w. avs`n ply v a#W@W mL , tp`lnyt ytW, j`k h` j`gn vk#l#LvN r`j& @qkK Rm`ny m. eLIy N N @Qvkw` a#Sm q N @n`vn @qml jny`t e@rv @kN m cNdWvy @y`q`g#m q @qml kw` krn SM h` Sy` jny` g`d @ls rsk @k`t, @b@hN m SMvr#N v`sy krn n#@gnr pl`@W, q#nt @p` @pr a`Nvt sh`y @qn, SMvr#N s>h` @vnm r`j&yK iLlNn` [@N|vr @bMv` pK;yK Rm`ny kr @B. y`pn pl`@W ir#v n ekm Ahl kw` krn @h~ SM jny` nM hq` XtyN y. eLIy @qml r`j&yK @vN kr g#mt smW v@h`W q@N @qml wry / lAk`@V [@N|vr@Y q @vw > v#m sMbN[@yN qdm` kr gN, q@N Ahl j`@w&`Wwmv`N oN@gN p g#mt w#W kr a#w.
@my sm@PK;ny b> |nyK @n` @V. py ad yvs l yyW, kMkr# pNy h` ԫw jny` aW q#k a#W@W [@N|vr 'K' v&`p`rvl n`ykyN wmN@G gLl` a#‹M, SnS a#‹M kTtlvlt m`r# kr gN aŽr`j&v`N N @~kRkM @kr#, @Q\p`ln bly pAkr g#mkt g`Sv v\@yN aŽr`j&v` a`@y~jn h` av\&w`vl a`rK;kyN bvt pW s#y. ak` j`k sAgmy, N @f`N v&`p`ry, ayRlNw pBkN hq`v sh plSn K sA[`ny vn` 1990 gnNvl m @mm sNw@Y iw` k# @p@nn uq`hrn pyK pmn.
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ur# sh n#@gnr pl`W @vN vn l @qvn [np r`j&yK a# m, / lAk`@V h` IlM @qml sh Ahl jny`@G sh-p#v#Wm b> g#tvt av&`j j`wNv` s‹mK lb`mt pqnmK sMp`qny krN@N @k@S q? @qml IlM r`j&yk bwr rv#yN v a# kMkr#vN h` @g`N n p`n @{~r sm`j |n jy g#m s @qml IlM r`j&y Rm`ny @mN pqnmK sMp`qny vN@N @k@S q? kMkr#vN@G v#P v# @k@R q? @g`Nt wmN@G X`Nd s>h` vd` ihl lK l#@B q? mhjnw`v@G sm`j sASk^k mTtm ihl qm l#@B q?
a`y` a`Rk "a`|cRy@Y" > v#mW smg, d` ‹ r`j&yK sAvR[ny m b> a@PK;` vdvd`W a‹r# @B. e@hW @l~k avp`wy mhjnw`v@G v@n~p`y mw a# krNn` blp$mt e@rv stN m s>h` y`m`RgyK lb`gNnv` @vvt, eLIy n#@gnr a`y` "a`qR\y" v#l>@gn a#w.
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lsspy Ahl j`kv`qyt ytW nW [@N|vr j`kv`q@Y @q`r n# @qv#N eyt Em s>h` ekm m`vw vN@N Ahl h` @qml kMkr# pN@Y Ek`bQ[ argly mw pqnM iqR\ny m pm. @qml h` / lAk` kMkr#vN@G a`Žpw&y yt@W @qml j`k argly, j`k [@N|vr p`lnyt e@rv y ԫwyN blg#N@M argly smg Ek`bQ[ kl y. j`wN Plv@Y wvmW ikl v pvWn` aN y kRwv&yN @mN m j`k dny q ag` q#m klh# vN@N sm`jv` @l~kyK s>h` argl@Y @k`tsK @ls Plvv` kMkr#vN@G h` @g`N@G a`Nvk y`k`Wvy . sAKwv gw@h`W, @m aR}y nM u@R h` n#@gnr @qml jny`t e@rv / lAk`@V r`j&y krNn` Q[yt Srs`rv r#Q[m; 1978 v&vS}`v a@h~ krn @ls iLm; IlM h` / lAk`@V sm`jv` sh`N sAgmyK s>h` [jy esm . @mm st@N k aA\yK v a#W@W iNy`@V, pS}`n@Y, bAGl`@Q\@Y, / lAk`@V h` IlM mhjnw`vN 1947 ӵvn lq g` r`j& pQ[yt e@rv q a`y`@V sm`jv` sh`N sAgmyK s>h` q ng` v` Ek`bQ[ @k`t stN v#m.
ssp q e @pr gmNkr#, Plvv` @k`ST sAgmy (@k`s) q oN@G sm`rMXyN qN@N lsspy j`kv`qyt h` j`@w&`Wwmv`qyt ytW mt e@rv n# kMkr# pNk j`w&Nwrv` vnw`vy l y. lssp@Y p`v`m mN kMkr# pN@Y n`ykWvy yt@W ԫwyN@G v&`p`ryK p#nn#mt e@rv Rm`ny krn lq b`[`vN - @|;@yN m @qml jny` sh q@N kMkr# pNy awr rsk X`vy q, jnw` K @pr@N [@N|vr j`@w&`Wwmv` @Q\p`lny q pr`jy mt sspW, @k`sW q\k nK S@S stN kr @B.
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l< en s h` m`svl sspy Ahl h` @qml ԫw jnw`v, eLI@Y @bMv` h` [@N|vr-g# y`m`Rgyt e@rv sm`jv`-j`w&Nwrv` kLpyN sNnQ[ mt wm argly kr a#w.
eLIy q sspy q awr @Q\p`ln ag`[yK pv. e@S vq ap @mm k`\y W krN@N, ey @qml stNkr#vN smg s`kC€`vK a#ߢmt uqVv a#w# yn a@PK;`@v. oN@G Q[my av\&w` s` @Q\p`ln s`kC€`v nvw` m av\&y yn eLI@Y wRky a K@p kr. @myt lv, ap EW @gn N@N evN v`qyK, kMkr# pN@Y n`ykWvy yt@W nv @Q\p`ln aK;yK aWkr g#mt / lAk`@V h` IlM @qml jnw`vt h#y`v lb`m mN j`k dnyt e@r @qml jny`@G argly \KmW kr a#w# y` y.
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