WSWS :ªêŒFèœ & ÝŒ¾èœ:èíQ ªî£N™¸†ð‹

Serious security flaws in Microsoft web browser

How safe is your computer?

By Mike Ingram
12 January 2002

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¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š®¡ Þòƒ° î÷ˆ¬î (Operating Systems) cƒèœ ð£MŠðõó£è Þ¼‰î£™, ''àƒèœ èEQ âšõ÷¾ ð£¶è£Šð£è Þ¼‚Aø¶'' â¡ø «èœM‚è£ù ðF™, ''Üšõ÷¾ ð£¶è£Šð£è Þ™¬ô'' â¡ðî£è«õ Þ¼‚°‹.

ܪñK‚è£M½‹ ñŸÁ‹ 𣶠ä«ó£Šð£M½‹ ï‹H‚¬èJ¡¬ñ ªî£ì˜ð£ù å¼ Cô õö‚°èO¡ ¬ñòˆF™ Þ¼‚°‹ ñ£ªð¼‹ ªñ¡ªð¼œ (Software) GÁõù‹ ÞŠ«ð£¶ Üîù¶ õ£®‚¬èò£÷˜èO¡ Ü®Šð¬ì ð£¶è£Š¹‚° ÜFèKˆîº¬øJ™ àÁFŠð´ˆ¶õ ꣈FòñŸÁ Þ¼‚Aø¶. ºîL™ ªõOò£ù Þòƒ° î÷ƒè÷£ù Windows 98 ñŸÁ‹ 95 Þ™ Þ™ô£î ðô ð£¶è£Š¹ Ü‹êƒèœ 𣶠ªõOò£AJ¼‚°‹ Windows XP Þòƒ° î÷ˆF™ ÜPºèŠð´ˆFJ¼‰î«ð£¶‹, ¬õóv ð£¶è£Š¹ â„êK‚¬èèœ ñŸÁ‹ ð£¶è£Š¹ °¬ø¾èÀ‚è£ù º¡ùP¾Š¹è¬÷ ªî£ì˜„Cò£è ð£õ¬ùò£÷˜èœ ÞŠ«ð£¶‹ ºè‹ªè£´‚Aùøù˜.

''å«ó Íô‚ ªè£œ¬èœ'' ("same origin policy") âù ÜPòŠð´‹ å¼ ð£¶è£Š¹ MF¬ò ¹ø‚èEŠðî¡ Íô‹ å¼ Ýðˆî£ù ð£¶è£Š¹ 憬ì¬ò ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† ªè£‡®¼‚Aø¶ âù ܇¬ñJ™ "The Pull" â¡ø ªðòó£™ õNïìˆîŠð´‹ å¼ ²ò£bù ÝŒõ£÷˜èœ °Ÿø‹ê£†®»œ÷£˜èœ. å¼ MˆFò£êñ£ù window (èíEˆF¬ó) å¼ Þ¬íò «ñ«ô£®J™ Fø‚èŠð†®¼‚°‹ å¼ õ¬ôˆî÷‹ (website) Þ¡ªù£¼ õ¬ôˆî÷ˆ¬î ð£FŠðF™ Þ¼‰¶ î´ŠðîŸè£ù °Ø‚°P¬ò (Code-°Pf´) Þ‰î MF õ¬óAø¶.

JavaScript (ü£õ£ vAPŠ†) ðó‰î÷M™ å¼ scripting language Ýè àð«ò£èŠð´ˆîŠð†´ õ¼Aø¶. Þ¶ å¼ õ¬ôˆî÷ˆ¬î ðF¾ªêŒî™, Ü„C´î™ «ð£¡ø ðô ïìõ®‚¬èè¬÷ ²òñ£è ªêò™ð´ˆîõ™ô¶. Þœ "document.open," âùŠð´‹ è†ì¬÷Gó½‹ (command) àœ÷ìƒAJ¼‚Aø¶. Þ‰î‚ è†ì¬÷ Gó™, °PŠH†ì ð£õ¬ùò£÷˜èO¡ ªêò™ð£´èÀ‚° ðFô£è å¼ Þó‡ì£õ¶ Þ¬íò «ñ«ô£® window Fø‚èŠð´õ ÜÂñF‚°‹. å¼ °PŠH†ì ÝõíˆF¡ Ü„²ŠHóF¬ò ªè£‡®¼‚°‹ å¼ Þó‡ì£õ¶ window FøŠðˆî£¡ Þ‰î è†ì¬÷ Gó™ ªð£¶õ£è ð£M‚èŠð†´õ¼Aø¶. ¹Fò window FøŠðîŸè£è ðò¡ð´ˆîŠð´‹ è†ì¬÷ Gó¬ô Ü®‚è® àð«ò£èŠð´ˆ¶‹ õ¬ôˆ î÷ƒèœ M÷‹ðóƒè¬÷»‹ Ü™ô¶ ã¬ùò ªêŒFè¬÷»‹ ªè£‡®¼‚°‹.

Netscape (àôègFò£è ºîô£õî£è àð«ò£èŠð´ˆîŠð†ì Þ¬íò «ñ«ô£®) Þ¡ ªð£PJô£÷˜è÷£™ JavaScript security guide Þ¡ ð£èñ£è ÜHM¼ˆF ªêŒòŠð†ì "Same origin policy" ªè´Fò£ù õ¬ôˆî÷ƒèœ å¡ø¡ e¶ å¡Á Þòƒ°õ¬î»‹ ñŸÁ‹ MˆFò£êñ£ù windows Þ™ Þ¬íò «ñ«ô£®ò£™ Fø‚èŠð†®¼‚°‹ Þ¡ªù£¼ õ¬ôˆî÷ˆF™ Þ¼‰¶ ¸µ‚èñ£ù (sensitive) îèõ™è¬÷ â´Šð¬î»‹ î´Šðî¡ ð£èñ£è¾‹ vî£H‚èŠð†ì¶.

¬ñ‚ªø£ªê£Š† Þ‰î ªè£œ¬è¬ò ¹ø‚èEˆ¶ Þ¼Šðî£è¾‹, Üîù¶ HóCˆF ªðŸø 5.5, 6.0 Internet Explorer Þ¬íò «ñ«ô£®èœ ÜŠð®ò£ù å¼ HóFð‡µ‹ ªêò™ð£†®Ÿ° ÜÂñFòO‚A¡øù âù "The Pul" Hóèìù‹ ªêŒF¼‚Aø¶. Þ¶ å¼ î£‚°îô£÷¬ó(attacker) å¼ ð£˜¬õò£÷K¡ cookie files Þ¼‰¶ F¼´õîŸè£ù ꣈Fòˆ¬î‚ªè£‡ì å¼ H«óˆFò£èñ£è à¼õ£‚èŠð†ì õ¬ôˆî÷ˆF¬ù GÁ¾õ ÜÂñFòO‚Aø¶. Cookies â¡ð¶ Ü®‚è® å¼ Þ¬íòˆFŸ° õ‰¶«ð£°‹ ð£õ¬ùò£÷˜è¬÷ Þù‹è£µõîŸè£è õ¬ôˆî÷ƒè÷£™ àð«ò£èŠð´ˆîŠð´‹ æKìˆF™ «êI‚èŠð†®¼‚°‹ ðF¾è÷£°‹. HóCˆFªðŸø Þ¬íò õ˜ˆîè õ¬ôˆî÷ƒèœ, Cookies Ýù¶ ð£õ¬ùò£÷K¡ Þô‚èˆF™ Þ¼‰¶ ÞóèCò„ªê£™ ñŸÁ‹ õƒA ܆¬ìJ¡ Þô‚è‹ õ¬ó ܬùˆ¶ îèõ™è¬÷»‹ ªè£‡®¼‚°‹. Üìù¢ ꣈Fòñ£ù îQŠð†ì îèõ™èO¡ F¼†´ Cookies Þ™ ÜìƒAJ¼‚A¡øù. å¼ ï‹H‚¬è I°‰î ê†ìgFò£ù å¼ õ¬ôˆî÷ˆFŸ°ˆî£¡ õ‰F¼‚A«ø¡ âù å¼ ð£õ¬ùò£÷¬ó ‹ð® ªêŒõ Þ‰î ð£¶è£Š¹ °¬ø𣴠ð£M‚èŠðìô£‹. àî£óíñ£è, ÜŠð®ò£ù å¡ø£ù Þ¬íò õƒAJ™ å¼õ˜ îù¶ îQŠð†ì îèõ™è¬÷ ðF¾ªêŒ¶¬õ‚èô£‹.

ïõ‹ð˜ 8 Þ™  ÞŠð®ò£ù å¼ è÷¾º¬ø ªõOŠð¬ìò£è ÜPM‚èŠð†ì¶. Ü«î  "Active Scripting" ä ªêòLö‚èªê£™L õ£®‚¬èò£÷˜èÀ‚° Ý«ô£ê¬ùªêŒ»‹ å¼ ð£¶è£Š¹ ÜP‚¬è å¡P¬ù ªõOJ´õ ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† G˜Šð‰îˆFŸ°œ÷£ù¶. °PŠH†ì õ¬ôˆî÷ƒè¬÷ 𣘊ðîŸè£ù ð£õ¬ùò£÷˜èO¡ ê£îñ£ùñ¬ò î¬ìªêŒ»‹«ð£¶‹, ÜN¾‡ì£‚°‹ MˆFò£êñ£ù õ¬ôˆî÷ˆ¬î»‹, I¡ù…ê¬ô Ü®Šð¬ìò£è ªè£‡ì¶ñ£ù õ¬ôˆ î÷ ð‚èƒèO™ Þ¼‰¶ Üõ˜è¬÷ ܶ ð£¶è£‚èô£‹.

Þ‰î ð£¶è£Š¹ °¬ø𣴠ðŸPò ªêŒF‚è£ù ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£ŠŸP¡ ðFô£ù¶ GÁõùˆF¡ 'ªð£ÁŠH¡¬ñ¬ò' Þ¶ Ü‹ðôŠð´ˆFJ¼Šðî£è °Ÿø‹ ꣆´õî£è Þ¼‰î¶. ïõ‹ð˜ 8 ÜPMˆî½‚° º¡ù˜ ð£¶è£Š¹ 憬ìJ¬ùŠ ðŸP ⶾ«ñ ªîKòM™¬ô âù ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† ÜPMˆî¶. âŠð®J¼‰î«ð£¶‹, ïõ‹ð˜ 19 ZDNet UK technology õ¬ôˆî÷ˆF¡ 膴¬óJ¡ Hóè£ó‹, ïõ‹ð˜ ºîô£‹ FèF‚° å¼ Aö¬ñ‚° º¡ù«ó Þ‚°¬ø𣆬ì ðŸP â„êK‚èŠð†«ì£‹ â¡ð¬î H¡ù˜ GÁõù‹ ãŸÁ‚ªè£‡´œ÷¶.

'' àìù®ò£è ªîOõ£è ðFôO‚芫ð£õF™¬ô-- âšõ÷¾ ï‹ðˆ î°‰î ÜN¾‡ì£‚°‹ â„êK‚¬èò£è Þ¼‚Aø¶ â¡ð¬î õ¬óòÁ‚è  «è£¶¬ñ¬ò àIJ™ Þ¼‰¶ ÜKˆ¶ â´‚è«õ‡®J¼‚Aø¶,'' ''îõø£ù Üð£ò åL¬ò à¼õ£‚°‹ â¡ð Þ‰î Mõè£óˆ¬î  Mê£ó¬í ªêŒ»‹ õ¬ó, Þ‰î Mìò‹ ðŸPò å¼ ÜP‚¬è¬ò  ªõOJ슫ð£õF™¬ô'' âù Windows àŸðˆFJ¡ Mò£ð£ó «ñô£÷˜ Neil Laver, ZDNet Þì‹ °PŠH†ì£˜.

ð£¶è£ð¢¹ ðôiù‹ ðŸP ðAóƒèñ£è ÜP‚¬è ªõOJ´õ ñ†´‹ ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† îõøM™¬ô ñ£ø£è ܶ ð£¶è£Š¹ 憬ì ðŸP â„êKˆîõ˜èœ âõ¼‚°‹ â‰îMî ðF¬ô»‹ ÜO‚èM™¬ô âù ZDNet ÜP‚¬èM†ì¶.

ïõ‹ð˜ 1 Þ™,  致H®ˆî å¼ Ýðˆî£ù ð£¶è£Š¹ î£‚èˆ¬î ªî£N™¸†ð Mõóˆ¶ì¡ ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š®¡ ð£¶è£Š¹ ðFôOŠ¹ ¬ñòˆFŸ° IT security firm Online Solutions â¡Â‹ GÁõù‹ ¬èòOˆî¶. ܉î â„êK‚¬è¬ò ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† ãŸÁ‚ªè£‡ì¶ì¡,  ܉î Mõè£óˆ¬î îò M¬óM™ Mê£ó¬í ªêŒõî£è àÁFòOˆ¶ å¼ õ£óˆF¡ H¡ù¼‹ ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š®ì‹ Þ¼‰¶ â‰î ðF½‹ õó£î, Online Solutions ªð£¶ñ‚èOì‹ Þî¬ù‚ ªè£‡´«ð£è º®ªõ´ˆî¶.

'' ªð£ÁŠð£ù è£Kò‹ ªêŒ«î£‹-- Mò£ð£óˆFŸè£è ªñ¡ªð£¼¬÷ àð«ò£èŠð´ˆ¶‹ ñŸÁ‹ îQŠð†ì îèõ™è¬÷ ÜF™ ¬õˆF¼Šð¬îJ†´ ï‹H‚è¬ò ªè£‡®¼‚°‹ ñ‚èœ, ܬõ ð£¶è£Šð£ùî£è Þ™¬ô â¡ð °PŠH†ì èÀ‚° MNŠ¹ì¡ Þ¼‚辋'' Online Solutions Þ¡ G˜õ£è Þò‚°ù˜ Jyrki Salmi ÃPù£˜.

â‰î ܘˆîˆF½‹ ð£¶è£Š¹ °¬øð£´èœ ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† ªñ¡ªð£¼œèÀ‚° ñ†´‹ ñ†´Šð´ˆîŠð†ìî™ô. ðô Þô†ê‚èí‚è£ù èEQ °¿‚ °PèO¡(computer code) Þ¬öè¬÷ ªè£‡®¼‚°‹ Internet Explorer «ð£¡ø C‚èô£ù ðò¡ð£†´ (applications) °¬øð£´èÀ‚° ¹è›ªðŸø¬õ. Þ¬õèO™ ⶾ‹ ðK«ê£î¬ù ªêŒ»‹ G¬ôJ™ Ãì °¬øð£´è¬÷ è¬÷òM™¬ô. ðó‰î Ü÷M™ å¼ èEQ ܬñŠH¡ G˜õ£AèO¡ ªî£N™ ªð¼‹ªî£¬èò£ù â‰î ܬñŠH½‹ ªêò™ð´‹ ðò¡ð£†´ ñŸÁ‹ ðò¡ð£´èO¡ ð£¶è£Š¹ ÜPMˆî™èÀ‚° ðFôO‚°‹ ªñ¡ªð£¼¬÷ Gõ˜ˆF ªêŒ»‹ G󊹋 ªñ¡ªð£¼œè¬÷ (patches) à¼õ£‚°õ¬î ªè£‡®¼‚Aø¶. ðó‰î Ü÷M™ Iè º‚Aòñ£ù ð£¶è£Š¹ °¬øð£´èœ Ýðˆî£ù Hó„ê¬ùè¬÷ M¬÷õ£‚è£î ð®»‹, îò M¬óM™ C‚èô£ù MìòƒèÀ‚°‹ ªñ¡ªð¼¬÷ ÜHM¼ˆF ªêŒðõ˜èœ M¬óõ£è ðFôO‚è«õ‡´‹. ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† àìù£ù Mõè£óñ£ù¶ Üîù¶ ܬùˆ¶ programmes à‹ °¬øð£´è¬÷ ªè£‡®¼‚A¡øù â¡ðî™ô ñ£ø£è ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷‚ îò è£ôˆFŸ°œ Gõ˜ˆF ªêŒõ¬î ܶ îõPM†ì¶ â¡ð‹. ܈¶ì¡ ÜPòŠð†ì ðôiùƒè¬÷, °¬ø‰îð†ê‹ ܇¬ñò Hó„ê¬ùò£ù Active Scripting ä ªêòLö‚è ªêŒîô£ù ⃰‹ A¬ì‚°‹ å¼ ê£î£óí è£Kòˆ¬î‚ Ãì Üîù¶ ªñ¡ªð£¼O¡ ð£õ¬ùò£÷˜èÀ‚° ªîKòŠð´ˆîM™¬ô.

ÜŠð® å¼ ÜPMˆî¬ô  ªõOJ†®¼‰î£™ ªè´«ï£‚躜÷ °îô£÷˜è¬÷ (hackers) ܉î ðôWùƒè¬÷ Þ†´ ܶ MNŠð¬ìò ¬õˆF¼‚°‹ ñŸÁ‹ ð£õ¬ùò£÷˜ ð£¶è£Š¹ì¡ «ñ½‹ Gõ˜ˆF ªêŒò ¬õˆF¼‚°‹ âù ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† ÃÁAø¶. âFó£ù ðAóƒèŠð´ˆî¬ô îM˜Šð‹, å¼ è®ùG¬ô¬ò ê£î£óíñ£è M´õ¬î»«ñ GÁõù‹ âF˜ð£˜ˆî¶ â¡ð¶î£¡ ÜFèñ£è ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷‚îòî£è Þ¼‚°‹ å¼ M÷‚èñ£°‹.

Üîù¶ ãè«ð£è ܈¶eø½‚è£è ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† ïvìß´ ªê½ˆ¶õîŸè£ù ð£¬î¬ò 致H®‚è ä‚Aò ܪñK‚è cFñ¡øƒèœ ºòŸCˆî¶. ñŸÁ‹ ºîL™ å¡ð¶ ñ£Gôƒèœ Þ‰î õö‚A™ ß´ð†ì¶ì¡ º¡¬õ‚èŠð†ì b˜¬õ ªî£ì˜„Cò£è Gó£èKˆîù. cFðF Judge Jackson Ý«ô£ê¬ù ªêŒî¶«ð£™, GÁõùˆF¡ ð£¶è£Š¹ «î£™Mèœ ê‰«îèñŸø º¬øJ™ ñ£ªð¼‹ ªñ¡ªð¼œ GÁõù‹ ޡ‹ ªï£¼ƒAMìM™¬ô â¡ø ÜÂî£ðƒè¬÷ ªð£ƒAªòö¬õ‚°‹.

Þšõö‚° Üîù¶ Þ¬íò «ñ«ô£® ꉬîJ™ º¡ùE õAŠðîŸè£è desktop ªêòŸð£´ ªð£Pò¬ñ¾ Þòƒ° î÷ˆF™ (desktop operating systems) ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† âŠð® îù¶ ãè«ð£èˆ¬î ðò¡ð´ˆFò¶ â¡ð«î ÜPòŠð†ì ºî™ õö‚° Mê£ó¬íò£°‹. å¼ ðó‰î ð£õ¬ùò£÷˜è¬÷ Ü®Šð¬ìò£è ªè£‡®¼‚°‹ «ð£†®ò£÷ó£ù Netscape Þ¬íò «ñ«ô£®, Windows ÞŸ° ÜHM¼ˆF ªêŒòŠð´‹ ð£õ¬ùèÀ‚° å¼ ñ£Ÿl´ «ñ¬ìò£è õ‰¶M´õF™ Þ¼‰¶ î´Š¬î«ò ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† èõù‹ ªè£‡®¼‰î¶. Netscape Navigator ä Mì Internet Explorer Iè ÜŸ¹îñ£ù àŸðˆF â¡ðô ܶ ªõŸPªðŸø¶ âù õö‚° Mê£ó¬íJ¡ «ð£¶ ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† õL»ÁˆFò¶. à‡¬ñJ™, MK‰î àôè õ¬ôòˆF¡ M¬óõ£ù HóCˆFJ¡ áì£è«õ ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† ÜPòŠð†ì¶ì¡, Netscape Þì‹ Þ¼‰¶ H¡ùE¬ò ªõŸPªè£œÀ‹ ºòŸCJ™ Þôõêñ£è ªè£´‚èŠð†ìî¡ è£óíñ£è«õ Internet Explorer b¯ªó¡Á Þìˆ¬îŠ H®ˆ¶‚ªè£‡ì¶.

cFðF Jackson Þ¡ Ý«ô£ê¬ùèO¡ Ü®Šð¬ì ñÁŠð£ù¶ ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š†®™ ã¬ùò 膴Šð£´èÀ‚° ܬöŠ¹M쾋, ªñ¡ªð¼O¡ º‚Aòñ£ù ªêò™ð£´è¬÷ õ¬óò¬ø ªêŒ»‹ Internet Explorer Þ¡ Íô õ¬ó¾ (source code) Þ¬ù A¬ì‚°‹ð® à¼õ£‚è«õ‡´‹ âù «è£K‚¬è ⿊𾋠îœO»œ÷¶.

îƒèO¡ ªî£N™¸†ð «ñ¡¬ñò£™  îñ¶ àŸðˆFèœ ðóõô£è ð£M‚èŠð´Aø¶ âù Mõ£FŠðî¡ Íô‹ îù¶ ãè«ð£è G¬ô¬ò ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† ªî£ì‚èˆF™ Gò£òŠð´ˆî º¬ù‰î¶. âŠð®J¼‰î«ð£¶‹, ''Open Source software" (Fø‰î Íô ªñ¡ªð£¼œ) Þ¡ õ÷˜„C»‹ ñŸÁ‹ °PŠð£è Þôõêñ£è ð£M‚è‚îòî£è Þ¼‚°‹ Linux Þòƒ°î÷ˆF™ ªñ¡ªð£¼œèœ ªêò™ð´õ¶‹ ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š®¡ F¬êJ™ å¼ ñ£Ÿøˆ¬î à¼õ£‚A»œ÷¶. Guardian Online °PŠH†ìî¡ð®, ''ܶ ªî£N™¸†ðˆ¬î Ü®Šð¬ìò£è‚ ªè£‡ì îù¶ Mõ£îƒè¬÷ ¬èM†ì¶ì¡, 𣘊ð ÜFèKˆî Üõï‹H‚¬è»ì¡ ¹ˆFpMî ªê£ˆF¡ ð‚è‹ (intellectual property) F¼‹H»œ÷¶.

''ܶ ªî£´‹ ܬùˆF½‹ å¼ ¹ˆFpMî ªê£ˆ¶K¬ñ Ü®ˆî÷ˆF™ ù ެ툶‚ªè£œÀ‹ Linux å¼ ¹ŸÁ«ï£ò£è Þ¼‚Aø¶'' âù ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š®¡ î¬ô¬ñ G¬ø«õŸÁ ÜFè£K Steve Ballmer °PŠH†ì¬î ðˆFK‚¬è «ñŸ«è£œ 裆®ò¶.

Fø‰î Íô‹ (Open Source) â¡ð¶ ê£îóíñ£è å¡ÁI™ô£ñ™ (ªêôM™ô£ñ™) CôõŸ¬ø ªðŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ M¼‹¹‹ ñ‚èœ ðŸPò¶ âù ¬ñ‚«ó£ªê£Š† °PŠH†ì«ð£¶‹, òˆîˆF™ Üîù¶ õ‚W™èœ ÜKõ ªêô¾ˆªî£¬è ªî£ì˜ð£è èõù‹ ªè£‡´œ÷£˜èœ. ªñ¡ªð£¼œ ð£õ¬ùò£÷˜èœ source code Þ¬ù Þôõêñ£Œ ªðŸÁ‚ªè£œ÷ «õ‡® Þ¼‰î£™, ܶ ã¬ùò ÜõCòñ£ù º¡«ùŸøƒè¬÷ ªêŒõ‹ ñŸÁ‹ programmes èÀ‚° ñ£ªð¼‹ Þò‚èˆî¡¬ñ¬ò ªè£´Šð F¼ˆFò¬ñ‚è‚ Ã®òî£è Þ¼‚°‹ â¡ð«î Üõ˜è÷¶ º‚Aò èõ¬ôò£°‹.

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