World Socialist Web Site

qhv#Î âyv@S aWÄÓ m°N a`¿É«S@G k^òN ÓÄb> aNwR `nyK sMp`qny @k@R

Í$NK g#GÄ@y`ç ìâÎ
2000 a@g~Só 3

ùk ìq&` h` gÎw a`¿É¬S ìâN sMp`Øw p` ´N} adA² qhv#Î âyv@S aW ÄÓyK pvñn bvt ¼Ä 11vn Øn kl Î@Vqny m°N Õr`wn @l~k@Y @ ìq&`yÁ@G k^òN ÓÄb>v @s`y` b#Å@M v#qgW avS}`vK ×q`ny @k@rn awr em°N a`¿É«S@G ÄÓ @Lšn ÓÄb> ip#ßÎm Ìl`œyN sMp`qny @k@R. eÀ p`´N} ¿yv` @Wr#M g#Ïmt smW vN@N ¿nM kNd`ym q yÐ@vN p#v#@wn wrg@Y eK aA\yK @ls, b#Lç@m~Rµ @v~LtR kl`g`r@Y a`¿É«S@G ËL ÄÓy mk` n#vw Äï ÄÓ@Y @k`tsK wb` a#W@W w`K;ny ÓÄb> @r`@cStR a`ywn@Y (a`Raûè) h` b#Lç@m~Rµ @g`P¿N ì|v ìq&`l@Y ìq&`yN ìâÎ. @mµ a#ñ ùk y``vNt yçN a`¿É«S@G ËL k^ñy sthN í a#w. ËL Ótpw år` @h~ @s~q` qm`, eµ ËÚnw @vnW @pl@p`wK Äy` ñ@B.

@mµ ËL @pl mó kr g#Ïm s>h`, ìq&`yN ìâN «ºtL vR[ny, a@[~rKw h` p`rjM£l @prhN X`ìwy v#Î nínwm w`K;ny @y`q` gÐ a#w. åKm ¨Mbk upkrn m°N ÄÓy Äímt X`ìw` kl ykd aA adA² òNw ì|@L;ny ¿Þmt ÎyÉwy. a`Raûèµ Õr` ìq&` @r`bRT @j`NsN @m@S p#v#ãy. "y@mk kÄN p#vñ@Y ÁmKq yNn ÓÄb>v slÁÐ @gn en av©yK s$m ìtm pvò. eÄqrV ìy h#¿@Q q ìSmy jnky. iKmÎNm, s#<îÐ h` rhS q$ @hÄvÐ a#w." @v`LtRS kl`g`r@Y X`rkr# ìÄyM @n`@yL, "a`¿É«S@G @m`ly ´N}yk aNwRgw í a#w. apt av\&vN@N em @m`ly ì¿rn pÞK;`vkt lK ¿Þmû"yÐ@vN @mµ aR}X`ry s>hN k@Ly.

@mm @vnS krn lq aW ÄÓy vn`µ a`¿É«S@G iw` v#qgW, "y`Nðk n&`yN@G Ãm@Vqy ÓÄb>v" (On the Method of Mechanical Theorems) nM ï ´N}@Y sh p`@vn vSó (On Floating Bodies) nM ï ùk bâN Äyn lq ËL k^ñ@Y ekm Ótpwû. Êt amwrv @prÙ iw` m$w Ìl`œyN@gN q#ngW a`¿É«S@G, "v^Ww@Y ÉÐm ÓÄb>v," "@g~ly sh âÄNdry ÓÄb>v" "sRÓl`k`r @Rš` ÓÄb>v" sh "wlyNµ smóÄww`v ÓÄb>v" v#Î k^òN q eµ adA² y.

vRwm`n@Y Ù iSw`N£L nÉN h‹Nvn @k`NStNç@n~pLµ Ù qhv#Î âyv@SÙ @mm aW ÄÓy Äyí a#W@W a`¿É«S@G k^ñvl ÓtpwK a#ä@rÎ. em k`l@Y Ù @p`W Îmí a#W@W q#v pór# @qkK awr b‰n lQq` ï, eÆ hm pqM@k`t wn`gW óÏ pW ir#vÄÎ. @k`NSwNñ@n`ply, j`w&Nwr £QŽmy @KNÜS}`nyK ï awr eµ Ù Õr`wn ùk q`R\ÎkyN@G h` ìq&`yN@G k^òNµ ÓtpW rcny @k`t ugóN@G ×@y~jny s>h` sMp`qny @kÝn.

áv. 1204 Ù Ár#s ýQ[kr#vN ìâN @k`NSwNñ@n~ply phr` @eñh`âk vs@yN v#qgW Sm`rk @b`@h`myK sh @p`W ì\`l sAš&`vK °ÎbW krn lØ. v`sn`vkt @mN a`¿É«S@G @mm @vnS krn lq @Lšny °N@nN a`rK;` ìy. vWm@N Ù Iœ`yly nÉN h‹Nvn ×@Q\@Y ekl ñ¤ \`Nw s`b`@G a`r`m@Y Ù 16 v#Î âyvs ól Ù q 1846 Ù @k`NSwNñ@n~pLµ Q[ ï äs`ny @QvS}`n@Y Ù q a`Ù vs@yN @mm @Lšny ìì[ k`lyNµ Ù n#vw n#vwW v`Rw` gw @kÝn. y`` ´N}yK @ls p#v#ñ @mm @Lšny @vnS krn lQqK b#V ×}mvrt h‹n` gW@W @mm k`l@Y Ù y. 1906 Ù @dNm`RK j`ñk v`G ìq&`yÁ ï ÆDìG ¶bRG ìâN ì\`lk k`cyK @y`q` gÎÉN @mm a‹r#î gÎwmy p` ´N}y aÁ@rN ÓtpW krÉN ey a`¿É«S@G k^ñyK b#V h‹n`gNn` lÙ. 1930 vn ìt p#Ýâyt @gn en lq @mm @vnS krn lq @Lšny 1998 Ù eKsW jnpqyt @gn en@wK eµ ßÙ ñ£Î.

£Q[ vR; óNv#Î âyv@S ââÄ Ûp@W v`sy kl a`¿É«S Õr`wn @l~k@Y @ iAº@Nr#vN@gN, @X_ñk ìq&`yN@gN sh gÎwyN@gN @k@n¿. ÜvSññ ìq&`v vR[ny kl oÒ jly esím s>h` vn a`¿Ê¬S SÁr#PÕv ÎRm`ny k@Ly. v@rk oÒ awt rN oéNnK Ù ey Îmv` a#W@W ÓÝâÚ rNvÄN q, n#w@h`W ÝÙ É–w rNvÄN q yNn oéNnt h`Î @n`@k`t pvsn @lst krn lq aö@y~gyt ÚN ìs‹m sMbN[@yN oÒ iw` ×kt y. oÒ ihw ìs‹m sMbN[@yN wm âw @v@hsÉN âç k`lvkv`Ð@V jl t#A¿yt b#s Sn`n@Y @yÙ âç @m@h`wk, wm âr#r m°N Î|¦w jl ×m`nyK ìS}`pny vn bv q#n gW bvW E aÐv oéNn q ÎyÉw jl ×m`nyK ìS}`pny krn bvW ey oéN@N sAýñy aÐv ìclny vn bvW vth` @gn, wm`@Gm ìs‹@mN mhW@S k#l#¢ "ý@Rk`!" -- "@s`y` gWw` "(ùk X`;`@vN) -- yÐ@vN k$gsÉN, Îr#vñNm Øv °y bv jn×v`q@Y s>hN @V. a`¿É«S ÓÄb> mwky wvW jn®y pÝkLpnyK hrh` ¦r`W k`lyK p#vw E@mN m oÒ@G k`RyyN@G blp$m sn`} @vû.

iAº@Nr#vÁ @ls ×ktv í âç a`¿É«S@G Á\lw`vN, ùk ngryK ï sûr¿ýS, @r~m a`ÃmnyN@gN a`rK;` kr g#Ï@M Ù @y`q` g#În. ngr@Y pîr# \KñmW ¿Þm s>h` q ýq yNõyK ÎRm`ny ¿Þm s>h` q oÒ @yÙ gW@W y. vsr @qkK Õr` em ngry @r~m a`ÃmnyN@gN a`rK;` í âç nËÚ avs`n@Y Ù @r~m hËq`v ngryt kd` v#ÙmW smg oîN ìâN a`¿É«S av`sn`vNw @ls mr` qmÐ l#¡Î. @r~m`ÐvN ìâN oÒ@G gÎwmy g@V;nyNt uph`r vs@yN âÄNdryK ól ß‹Ð @g~lyK sA@KwvW krn @s`@h`N @k`wK ÎRm`ny krn lØ.

oÒ@G @g~ly sh âÄNdry ÓÄb> (On the Sphere and the Cylinder) k^ñ@yN @g~lyk móÓt vRgply h` pÝm`v ÓÄb> åõyN vR[ny k@Ly. On$m pÝÉw ×m`nykt vd` Ád` e@hW ¸n&y @n`vn ×m`nyK ÓÄb> oÒ@G aw&Ðk sAkLpy (the concept of infinitesimals) iN vsr 2000kt iw` a`sNn k`lykt pä klny (Calculus) ÓÄb> g@V;nyNt pqnm sMp`qny k@Ly. oÒ@G "v^Wwyk ÉÐm ÓÄb>v" (On the Measurement of the Circle) nM ï k^ñ@yN oÒ, v^Wwyk pÝŽy eµ ìkMXyt qKvn aÐp`wy, vn pû s>h` sNÎkR;nyK sMp`qny k@Ly. "p`@vn vSó ÓÄb>v" (On Floating Bodies) nM ï k^ñ@yN vSóvK Üvyk p`@vN@N q em vSóv s$Ù a#ñ Üv&@Y ì©t ²r#Wvy h` vSó@V a`k`ry mw bv p#h#ØÄ k@Ly. @mm @Lšn@Y @qvn @k`t@S aNwRgw vN@N Õr`wn ùk gÎw@Y @ jy´hnyN y.

vd`Wm aR}X`Þ k`RyyN aNwRgw vN@N em @Lšn@Y "y`Nðk Îy`myN@G Ãm @Vqy ÓÄb>" (On the Method of Mechanical Theorems) nM ï @k`t@S y. em°N a`¿É«S oÒ@G gÎwmy g@V;nyN@G ìŽÃmy ìSwr krû. oÒ @X_ñk ìq&`my Ìl[Rm phq` Ùm s>h` q#« gÎwmy whîr# ¿ÞM @y`q` gÎÉN gÎwmy @X_ñk ìq&`v vR[ny k@Ly. cÄwy ÓÄb> @p`Ú Îy`m iØÝpW ¿Þ@M Ù aû@sK ÎVtN@G q ´hvSóvl cÄwy ÓÄb> Îy`m g@V;n@Y Ù @j`h#NnS @kPlR@G q a`Ù vs@yN pä k`Ån gÎwyN@G h` @X_ñk ìq&`yN@G k`RyyNµ @KNÜy ï@Y a`¿É«S@G @mm ìŽ Ãmyû.

a`¿É«S@G @Lšny sMbN[@yN ktýó krn ìq&` kNd`y@M a@PK;`v @mm rhS ÄÓy sMÖRn@yNm ¿yv` @Wr#M g#Ïmt oîN, smW @vw#û yNny. nËW @mµ ×ñply ÁmK îvW, @mÀ @Lšny m°N em @ ìq&`y` sh gÎwy` ÓÄb> nv unNÚvK q#L@vÐ a#w.

e-mail.