{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1254\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch37\stshfhich37\stshfbi37\deflang1055\deflangfe1055\themelang1055\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}
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{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Century Gothic};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\f278\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\f276\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\f277\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\f279\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\f281\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\f282\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\f283\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\f284\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\f278\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\f276\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\f277\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\f279\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\f281\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\f282\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\f283\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\f284\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\f648\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Calibri{\*\falt Century Gothic};}{\f646\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Century Gothic};}
{\f647\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Century Gothic};}{\f649\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Century Gothic};}{\f651\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew){\*\falt Century Gothic};}
{\f652\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic){\*\falt Century Gothic};}{\f653\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Century Gothic};}{\f654\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Century Gothic};}
{\flomajor\f31510\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fdbmajor\f31520\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fhimajor\f31530\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Cambria;}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31540\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\flominor\f31550\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fdbminor\f31560\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fhiminor\f31570\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Calibri{\*\falt Century Gothic};}
{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Century Gothic};}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Century Gothic};}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Century Gothic};}{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew){\*\falt Century Gothic};}
{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic){\*\falt Century Gothic};}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Century Gothic};}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Century Gothic};}{\fbiminor\f31580\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Times New Roman{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Helvetica};}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Helvetica};}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Helvetica};}
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\par [overline][/overline]
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6238695\charrsid8397925 1968: Fransa\rquote da genel grev ve \'f6\'f0renci isyan\'fd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6239791\charrsid15880102 [/headline]}{\rtlch\fcs1
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\insrsid6238695\charrsid8397925 . B\'f6l\'fcm: Devrimci bir durum geli\'feiyor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6238695 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6239791\charrsid15880102 [/underline]\tab }{
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6238695\charrsid6238695 Peter Schwarz\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6238695\charrsid6238695 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid2441638\charrsid15880102 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid1847536\charrsid15880102 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6427977\charrsid15880102 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid8536411 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6239791\charrsid15880102 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid8536411 29}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6239791\charrsid15880102 [/date]
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sl23\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14618057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6239791\charrsid15880102 [description] }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6238695 1968 olaylar\'fdndan yar\'fdm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6238695\charrsid6238695 y\'fczy\'fdl sonra, bu devrimci d\'f6neme ait dersler \'e7ok b\'fcy\'fc
k bir \'f6neme sahiptir. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6238695 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6238695\charrsid6238695 \'fdn\'fdfsal \'e7eli\'fekiler art\'fdk zapt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11499608 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6238695\charrsid6238695 edilemeyecek bir noktaya ula\'fem\'fd\'fet\'fdr. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6239791\charrsid15880102 [/description]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6239791\charrsid14618057
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa100\sl23\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6427977 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6239791\charrsid15880102 [keywords] }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid9458867 Fransa, Macron, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid14618057 Karl Marx, 1 May\'fds, 1848, 1871, Paris Kom\'fcn\'fc, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid14618057\charrsid14618057 Frans\'fdz Kom\'fcnist Partisi, NPA, CGT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6238695 , 1968, gen\'e7lik, \'f6
\'f0renciler, genel grev, OCI, LCR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid14618057 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6239791\charrsid15880102 [/keywords]
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid15022201\charrsid15880102 [filename] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid13978363 fra1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6239791\charrsid15880102 [/filename]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid6239791
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid12350207
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f31506\lang1055\langfe1055\langfenp1055\insrsid12350207\charrsid12350207 Giri\'fe
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12350207 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350207\charrsid12350207 May\'fds-Haziran 1968\rquote
de, bir genel grev Fransa\rquote y\'fd proleter devrimin e\'fei\'f0ine getirmi\'feti. Yakla\'fe\'fdk 10 milyon i\'fe\'e7i, \'fealterleri indirdi, fabrikalar\'fd i\'fegal etti ve \'fclkenin ekonomik ya\'feam\'fdn\'fd durma noktas\'fdna getirdi. Frans\'fd
z kapitalizmi ve de Gaulle rejimi, genel grevin kontrol alt\'fdna al\'fdnmas\'fd ve sona erdirilmesi i\'e7in her \'feeyi yapan Frans\'fdz Kom\'fcnist Parti\rquote nin (PCF) ve onun hakimiyetindeki Genel \'dd\'fe\'e7i Konfederasyonu\rquote nun (CGT) deste
\'f0iyle ayakta kalm\'fd\'fet\'fd. Frans\'fdz genel grevi \'f6ncesinde, gen\'e7li\'f0in, Vietnam\rquote daki sava\'fea, \'ddran\rquote daki \'deah rejimine, bask\'fdc\'fd toplumsal ortama ve di\'f0er sorunlara kar\'fe\'fd k\'fcresel bir radikalle\'fe
mesi s\'f6z konusuydu. Frans\'fdz genel grevi, uluslararas\'fd i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn\'fdn, \'ddkinci D\'fcnya Sava\'fe\'fd\rquote n\'fdn sona ermesinden o g\'fcne kadar ger\'e7ekle\'femi\'fe en b\'fcy\'fck sald\'fdr\'fds\'fdn\'fdn ba\'felang\'fdc
\'fdyd\'fd.
\par Bu sald\'fdr\'fd, 1970\rquote lerin ortalar\'fdna kadar s\'fcrd\'fc, h\'fck\'fcmetleri istifaya zorlad\'fd, diktat\'f6rl\'fckleri devirdi ve bir b\'fct\'fcn olarak burjuva egemenli\'f0ini sorgulad\'fd. Almanya\rquote da Eyl\'fcl 1969\rquote
de sendikalardan ba\'f0\'fdms\'fdz kitle grevleri, \'ddtalya\rquote da ise \'93s\'fdcak sonbahar\'94 ya\'feand\'fd. Polonya ile \'c7ekoslovakya\rquote da (Prag Bahar\'fd) i\'fe\'e7iler Stalinist diktat\'f6rl\'fc\'f0e kar\'fe\'fd ayakland\'fd. Britanya
\rquote da madenciler, 1974\rquote te Muhafazakar Heath h\'fck\'fcmetini devirdi. Yunanistan\rquote da, \'ddspanya\rquote da ve Portekiz\rquote de sa\'f0c\'fd diktat\'f6rl\'fckler y\'fdk\'fdld\'fd. Amerika Birle\'feik Devletleri Vietnam\rquote
dan yenilgiyle \'e7ekilmek zorunda kald\'fd. T\'fcrkiye ise, 1980 darbesiyle doru\'f0a ula\'fean, on y\'fdll\'fdk bir toplumsal ve siyasi kutupla\'femaya tan\'fdk oldu.
\par Yar\'fdm y\'fczy\'fdl sonra, bu devrimci d\'f6neme ait dersler \'e7ok b\'fcy\'fck bir \'f6neme sahiptir. S\'fdn\'fdf m\'fccadelesi uzun bir s\'fcre boyunca bast\'fdr\'fdlsa da, s\'fdn\'fdfsal \'e7eli\'fekiler art\'fdk zapt edilemeyecek bir noktaya ula\'fe
m\'fd\'fet\'fdr. Kapitalizm d\'fcnya genelinde derin bir kriz i\'e7indedir. N\'fcfusun geni\'fe kesimlerinin ya\'feam standartlar\'fd d\'fc\'feerken, toplumun tepesindekiler hayal bile edilemeyecek d\'fczeylerde zenginle\'fetiler. B\'fcy\'fc
k emperyalist g\'fc\'e7lerin egemen s\'fdn\'fdflar\'fd, artan toplumsal ve uluslararas\'fd gerilimlere sava\'fe ve militarizm; sosyal ve demokratik haklara y\'f6nelik sald\'fdr\'fdlarla yan\'fdt veriyorlar. B\'fcy\'fcyen direni\'fein ve keskin bir s\'fdn
\'fdf m\'fccadelesinin belirtileri d\'fcnya \'e7ap\'fdnda art\'fdyor. ABD\rquote deki \'f6\'f0retmen grevleri; Fransa\rquote daki sar\'fd yelek hareketi; Cezayir\rquote da, Hong Kong\rquote da ve Porto Riko\rquote da ya\'feanan kitlesel g\'f6
steriler, sadece ba\'felang\'fd\'e7t\'fdr.
\par Kapitalizm, 1968-1975 d\'f6neminden, m\'fccadeleleri kontrol etmek ve onlar\'fd yenilgiye u\'f0ratmak i\'e7in kitlesel etkisini kullanan Stalinist ve sosyal demokrat partiler ile sendikalar sayesinde sa\'f0 \'e7\'fdkt\'fd. \'dd\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn
\'fdn sald\'fdr\'fds\'fd bu b\'fcrokratik ayg\'fdtlar\'fdn etkisini zay\'fdflatm\'fd\'fe olsa da, kendilerini \'93sosyalist\'94, \'93Marksist\'94, hatta \'93Tro\'e7kist\'94 olarak tan\'fdmlayan \'e7e\'feitli \'f6rg\'fctler, yeni bir devrimci \'f6nderli
\'f0in geli\'femesini engellediler ve bunun yerine sosyal demokrat partilere; Fransa\rquote da, sonraki 30 y\'fdl boyunca burjuva y\'f6netiminin en \'f6nemli arac\'fd haline gelen Fran\'e7ois Mitterrand\rquote \'fdn Sosyalist Partisi\rquote ne, Almanya
\rquote da ise 1970\rquote lerde etkisinin zirvesine ula\'fean Willy Brandt y\'f6netimindeki Sosyal Demokratlara y\'f6neldiler.
\par Lev Tro\'e7ki, 1930\rquote larda, \'dc\'e7\'fcnc\'fc (Kom\'fcnist) Enternasyonal Stalinizmin etkisi alt\'fdnda geri d\'f6n\'fclemez bi\'e7imde burjuva kar\'fe\'fddevrim kamp\'fdna ge\'e7ti\'f0i i\'e7in, D\'f6rd\'fcnc\'fc Enternasyonal\rquote in kurulmas
\'fd inisiyatifini alm\'fd\'fet\'fd. Ancak, 1938\rquote de kurulmas\'fdndan k\'fdsa bir s\'fcre sonra, D\'f6rd\'fcnc\'fc Enternasyonal i\'e7inde k\'fc\'e7\'fck burjuva e\'f0ilimler ortaya \'e7\'fdkt\'fd ve onlar, i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn\'fd
n yenilgilerinden (1927\rquote de \'c7in\rquote de, 1933\rquote te Almanya\rquote da ve 1939\rquote da \'ddspanya\rquote da), \'f6nderli\'f0in ihanetlerini de\'f0il ama i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn\'fdn devrimci g\'f6revini yerine getirmedeki yetersizli
\'f0ini sorumlu tuttular.
\par \'dd\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn\'fdn devrimci rol\'fcne y\'f6nelik sald\'fdr\'fd, 1953\rquote te, Michel Pablo ve Ernest Mandel \'f6nderli\'f0indeki revizyonist bir e\'f0ilimin, Stalinist, sosyal demokrat ve burjuva ulusalc\'fd hareketlerin nesnel olaylar
\'fdn bask\'fds\'fd alt\'fdnda devrimci \'f6nlemler alacaklar\'fd iddias\'fdyla, D\'f6rd\'fcnc\'fc Enternasyonal\rquote in \'feubelerini onlar\'fdn i\'e7inde tasfiye etme giri\'feimi ile sonu\'e7land\'fd. Onlar, Cezayir\rquote deki Bin Bella ve K\'fcba
\rquote daki Fidel Castro gibi Stalinist ve ulusalc\'fd \'f6nderleri Tro\'e7kizmin s\'f6zde \'93alternatifleri\'94 olarak \'f6vd\'fcler. D\'f6rd\'fcnc\'fc Enternasyonal\rquote in Uluslararas\'fd Komitesi (DEUK), bu d\'f6nemde, Pablocu revizyonizme kar\'fe
\'fd D\'f6rd\'fcnc\'fc Enternasyonal\rquote in program\'fdna dayal\'fd ba\'f0\'fdms\'fdz devrimci i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fd partilerinin in\'feas\'fdn\'fd savunmak i\'e7in kuruldu.
\par Bu dizinin \'fc\'e7\'fcnc\'fc ve d\'f6rd\'fcnc\'fc b\'f6l\'fcmleri, 1968 olaylar\'fd s\'fdras\'fdnda Pablocu Birle\'feik Sekreterlik\rquote in Fransa \'feubesi olan, Alain Krivine\rquote \'fdn Devrimci Kom\'fcnist Gen\'e7lik\rquote inin (}{\rtlch\fcs1
\ai\af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12350207\charrsid12350207 Jeunesse communiste r\'e9volutionnaire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350207\charrsid12350207 , JCR) oynad\'fd\'f0\'fd rol\'fc a\'e7\'fdklamaktad\'fdr. JCR, PCF\rquote nin ve CGT\rquote
nin ihanetlerinin \'fczerini \'f6rtt\'fc ve kendisini anar\'feist, Maocu ve di\'f0er k\'fc\'e7\'fck burjuva \'f6\'f0renci gruplar\'fd i\'e7inde eritti. Bug\'fcn, onun geride kalan \'fcyeleri, Tro\'e7kizmi a\'e7\'fdk\'e7
a reddeden, Stalinistler, Sosyalist Parti ve di\'f0er burjuva partileri ile i\'febirli\'f0i i\'e7inde olan, Libya\rquote da ve Suriye\rquote de \'93insani\'94 emperyalist m\'fcdahalelerin propagandas\'fdn\'fd yapan Yeni Anti-Kapitalist Parti\rquote nin (}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12350207\charrsid12350207 Nouveau parti anticapitaliste}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350207\charrsid12350207 , NPA) bir par\'e7as\'fdd\'fdr. 1974\rquote de kendisini Devrimci Kom\'fc
nist Birlik (LCR) olarak adland\'fdr\'fdlan JCR\rquote nin bir\'e7ok eski \'fcyesi ise, kariyerlerine uzun s\'fcredir Sosyalist Parti\rquote de ve di\'f0er burjuva \'f6rg\'fctlerde devam ediyorlar.
\par DEUK, 1968\rquote de, Stalinizmin, sosyal demokrasinin ve burjuva ulusalc\'fdl\'fd\'f0\'fdn\'fdn siyasi etkisine kar\'fe\'fd m\'fccadele eden tek e\'f0ilimdi. Bununla birlikte DEUK, bu m\'fccadeleyi, sadece geni\'fe b\'fcrokratik \'f6rg\'fctlerin de\'f0
il, ayn\'fd zamanda Pabloculu\'f0un a\'fea\'f0\'fdl\'fdk rol\'fcnden de kaynaklanan a\'fe\'fdr\'fd yal\'fdt\'fdlm\'fd\'fel\'fdk ko\'feullar\'fdnda veriyordu. Faaliyet y\'fcr\'fctt\'fc\'f0\'fc ortam\'fdn toplumsal ve ideolojik bas\'fdn\'e7lar\'fd alt\'fd
nda, DEUK\rquote un saflar\'fdnda uyarlanmac\'fd e\'f0ilimler geli\'feti.
\par 1953\rquote te DEUK\rquote un kurucular\'fdndan olan Fransa\rquote daki Enternasyonalist Kom\'fcnist \'d6rg\'fct (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12350207\charrsid12350207 Organisation communiste internationaliste}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350207\charrsid12350207 , OCI), 1968\rquote de merkezci bir politika izledi. Binlerce deneyimsiz \'fcye partiye ak\'fdn ettik\'e7e, OCI keskin bir bi\'e7imde sa\'f0a y\'f6neldi. OCI, 1971\rquote de Uluslararas\'fd Komite\rquote
den ayr\'fdld\'fd ve \'fcyelerini Mitterrand\rquote \'fdn Sosyalist Partisi\rquote ne (PS) y\'f6nlendirdi. O zamanlar PS\rquote ye kat\'fdlan OCI \'fcyeleri aras\'fdnda, PS\rquote nin sonraki \'f6nderi ve Fransa Ba\'febakan\'fd Lionel Jospin, \'feu anki
\'f6nderi Jean-Christophe Cambad\'e9lis ve Fransa\rquote daki Sol Parti\rquote nin kurucusu ve Boyun E\'f0meyen Fransa\rquote n\'fdn \'f6nderi olan Jean-Luc M\'e9lenchon da vard\'fd. \'93Sol\'94 bir milliyet\'e7i olan M\'e9lenchon, n\'fckleer silahl\'fd
bir g\'fc\'e7 olarak Fransa\rquote y\'fd savunuyor ve zorunlu askerli\'f0in yeniden uygulanmas\'fd \'e7a\'f0r\'fds\'fd yap\'fdyor.
\par Bu dizinin son d\'f6rt k\'fdsm\'fd, OCI\rquote nin rol\'fc, tarihi ve onun burjuva egemenli\'f0inin \'f6nemli bir destek\'e7isine d\'f6n\'fc\'femesine yol a\'e7an teorik ve politik sorunlar\'fd ayr\'fdnt\'fdl\'fd olarak ele al\'fd
yor. Bu deneyimlerin incelenmesi ve anla\'fe\'fdlmas\'fd, i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn\'fdn yakla\'fean m\'fccadelelerine haz\'fdrlanmada son derece \'f6nemlidir.
\par Pablocular\'fdn ve OCI\rquote nin evrimi, k\'fc\'e7\'fck burjuva akademisyenler aras\'fdndaki sa\'f0a kayman\'fdn bir par\'e7as\'fdyd\'fd. Her ne kadar g\'f6r\'fcn\'fc\'fete Marksist s\'f6zc\'fckler kullansalar da, 1968\rquote deki bir\'e7ok \'f6\'f0
renci \'f6nderinin d\'fc\'fe\'fcnceleri Frankfurt Okulu, varolu\'fe\'e7uluk ve i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn\'fdn devrimci rol\'fcn\'fc reddeden di\'f0er Marksizm kar\'fe\'fdt\'fd e\'f0ilimler eliyle bi\'e7imlenmi\'feti. Onlar, \'93devrim\'94 derken (fazlas
\'fdyla kulland\'fdklar\'fd bir kavram), devlet iktidar\'fdn\'fdn i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fd taraf\'fdndan ele ge\'e7irilmesini de\'f0il; k\'fc\'e7\'fck burjuva bireyin toplumsal, ki\'feisel ve cinsel \'f6zg\'fcrle\'femesini kastediyorlard\'fd.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12350207\charrsid12350207 D\'fcnya Sosyalist Web Sitesi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350207\charrsid12350207 \rquote nin uluslararas\'fd yay\'fdn kurulu ba\'fekan\'fd David North, \'93
Sahte Solun Teorik ve Tarihsel K\'f6kenleri\'94 adl\'fd makalesinde, i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn\'fdn May\'fds 1968\rquote de Fransa\rquote daki m\'fcdahalesinin \'93Frans\'fdz ayd\'fdnlar\'fdn\'fdn geni\'fe kesimleri \'fczerinde travmatik bir etkisi oldu
\'f0unu\'94 yazm\'fd\'fe ve eklemi\'feti: \'93Onlar\'fdn devrim ile tan\'fd\'femalar\'fd, sa\'f0a do\'f0ru keskin bir harekete yol a\'e7t\'fd.\'94 Jean-Francois Revel ile Bernard-Henri Levy\rquote nin de aralar\'fdnda bulundu\'f0u \'93yeni d\'fc\'fe\'fcn
\'fcrler, ikiy\'fczl\'fc \lquote insan haklar\'fd\rquote bayra\'f0\'fd alt\'fdnda kom\'fcnizm kar\'fe\'fdtl\'fd\'f0\'fdn\'fd benimsediler.\'94 Jean-Francois Lyotard \'f6nderli\'f0indeki bir ba\'feka d\'fc\'fe\'fcn\'fcr grubu, \'93Marksizmi reddedi\'fe
lerini, postmodernizmin d\'fc\'fe\'fcnsel olarak nihilist form\'fclasyonlar\'fd ile gerek\'e7elendirdiler.\'94 Varolu\'fe\'e7u yazar Andr\'e9 Gorz, \'93Elveda Proletarya\'94 ba\'fel\'fd\'f0\'fdn\'fd ta\'fe\'fdyan k\'fd\'fek\'fdrt\'fdc\'fd bir kitap yazd
\'fd.
\par Bu ayd\'fdnlar, 1968\rquote i, kendi ki\'feisel toplumsal ilerlemelerinde bir a\'feama olarak g\'f6ren ve daha sonra devlet bakanl\'fdklar\'fdnda, yaz\'fd i\'feleri b\'fcrolar\'fdnda ve \'feirket y\'f6netim kurullar\'fdnda \'f6nderlik pozisyonlar\'fdn\'fd
dolduracak olan orta s\'fdn\'fdf ad\'fdna konu\'feuyorlard\'fd. Bu dizinin d\'f6rd\'fcnc\'fc b\'f6l\'fcm\'fcnde, uzun s\'fcre LCR\rquote nin \'fcyesi olan Edwy Plenel\rquote e de\'f0iniliyor. Plenel, \'f6nde gelen gazete Le Monde\rquote un edit\'f6r\'fc
olarak, 2001\rquote de \'fe\'f6yle yaz\'fdyordu: \'93Ben tek ba\'fe\'fdma de\'f0ildim. Tro\'e7kist olan ya da olmayan, a\'fe\'fdr\'fd solda aktif olduktan sonra militan dersleri reddeden ve o d\'f6neme ait yan\'fdlsamalar\'fdm\'fdza k\'fdsmen ele\'fe
tirel bir bi\'e7imde yakla\'fean, kesinlikle on binlerce ki\'feiydik.\'94
\par \'d6nderlerini uzun s\'fcre 1968\rquote in militanlar\'fdndan toplam\'fd\'fe olan Almanya\rquote daki Ye\'feiller, bu s\'fcreci somutla\'fet\'fdrmaktad\'fdr. Onlar, k\'fc\'e7\'fck burjuva bir protesto, \'e7evrecilik ve bar\'fd\'feseve
rlik partisinden Alman militarizmi i\'e7in g\'fcvenilir bir dayana\'f0a d\'f6n\'fc\'fet\'fcler. Frans\'fdz \'f6\'f0renci isyan\'fdn\'fdn, en az\'fdndan medyadaki en bilinen \'f6nderlerinden olan Daniel Cohn-Bendit, 1999\rquote da Almanya D\'fd\'fei\'fe
leri Bakan\'fd olarak Yugoslavya\rquote da ger\'e7ekle\'feen ve \'ddkinci D\'fcnya Sava\'fe\'fd\rquote ndan o g\'fcne kadarki ilk Alman askeri m\'fcdahalesinden sorumlu olan Joschka Fischer\rquote in ak\'fdl hocas\'fd ve arkada\'fe\'fdyd\'fd. Libya
\rquote ya kar\'fe\'fd sava\'fe\'fd destekleyen Avrupa parlamentosunun Ye\'feil \'fcyesi olan Cohn-Bendit, Avrupa Birli\'f0i\rquote ni savunuyor ve Fransa Devlet Ba\'fekan\'fd Emmanuel Macron\rquote dan \'f6vg\'fcyle s\'f6z ediyor.
\par G\'fcn\'fcm\'fczde canlanmaya ba\'felayan s\'fdn\'fdf \'e7at\'fd\'femas\'fd, 1968-1975 d\'f6nemi m\'fccadeleleri s\'fdras\'fdnda oldu\'f0undan \'e7ok farkl\'fd ko\'feullar alt\'fdnda ger\'e7ekle\'feiyor.
\par \'d6ncelikle, burjuvazi art\'fdk toplumsal \'f6d\'fcnler verecek ekonomik hareket alan\'fdna sahip de\'f0il. 1968\rquote deki hareket, Bretton Woods sisteminin 1971\rquote de sona ermesine ve 1973\rquote te yeni bir durgunlu\'f0a yol a\'e7an 1966\rquote
daki ilk b\'fcy\'fck sava\'fe sonras\'fd durgunluk eliyle tetiklenmi\'feti. Fakat sava\'fe sonras\'fd h\'fdzl\'fd b\'fcy\'fcme, doruk noktas\'fdna bu d\'f6nemde hen\'fcz ula\'fem\'fd\'fet\'fd. Burjuvazi, \'fccretlere ve \'e7al\'fd\'fema ko\'feullar\'fd
na y\'f6nelik \'f6nemli iyile\'fetirmelerle, grevlere ve protestolara son verdi. \'dcniversiteler, isyanc\'fd gen\'e7leri sokaklardan \'e7ekmek i\'e7in b\'fcy\'fck \'f6l\'e7\'fcde geni\'feletildi.
\par Ulusal bir \'e7er\'e7eve i\'e7inde bu t\'fcr reformlar art\'fdk m\'fcmk\'fcn de\'f0ildir. K\'fcresel rekabet g\'fcc\'fc m\'fccadelesi ve uluslararas\'fd finans piyasalar\'fdn\'fdn \'fcretimin her alan\'fdndaki egemenli\'f0i, dibe do\'f0ru ac\'fdmas\'fd
z bir yar\'fd\'fe ba\'felatm\'fd\'fet\'fdr.
\par \'ddkinci olarak, yar\'fdm as\'fdr \'f6nce milyonlarca \'fcyeye sahip olan ve kapitalizmin ya\'feamas\'fdn\'fd sa\'f0layan Stalinist ve sosyal demokrat \'f6rg\'fctler, art\'fdk b\'fcy\'fck \'f6l\'e7\'fcde itibars\'fdzla\'fem\'fd\'fet\'fdr. Stalinist b\'fc
rokrasi taraf\'fdndan da\'f0\'fdt\'fdlmas\'fdn\'fdn ard\'fdndan, Sovyetler Birli\'f0i art\'fdk yok. \'c7in, Maocu Kom\'fcnist Parti taraf\'fdndan, i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn\'fdn kapitalist s\'f6m\'fcr\'fcs\'fc i\'e7in bir cennete d\'f6n\'fc\'fet\'fcr
\'fcld\'fc. Fransa\rquote daki Sosyalist Parti, di\'f0er sosyal demokrat partiler gibi \'e7\'f6kt\'fc; Almanya Sosyal Demokrat Partisi (SPD) serbest d\'fc\'fe\'fc\'fee ge\'e7ti. Sendikalar, i\'feten \'e7\'fdkarmalar\'fd \'f6rg\'fctleyen ve i\'fe\'e7
ilerin nefret etti\'f0i e\'fe y\'f6neticilere d\'f6n\'fc\'fet\'fcr\'fcld\'fc.
\par Uluslararas\'fd Komite\rquote yi 1968\rquote de yal\'fdtan sahte sol \'f6rg\'fctler, burjuva devlete ve onun kurumlar\'fdna uyarlanm\'fd\'fe durumdalar. Onlar, i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdna y\'f6nelik sald\'fdr\'fdlar\'fd ve emperyalist sava\'felar\'fd
destekliyorlar. Bu, en a\'e7\'fdk bi\'e7imde, \'93Radikal Sol Koalisyon\'94un (Syriza) uluslararas\'fd bankalar ad\'fdna i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn\'fdn ya\'feam standartlar\'fdn\'fd k\'fdr\'fdp ge\'e7irme sorumlulu\'f0unu \'fcstlendi\'f0i Yunanistan
\rquote da g\'f6r\'fcld\'fc. Yakla\'fean s\'fdn\'fdf m\'fccadeleleri, bu b\'fcrokratik \'f6rg\'fctlere ve onlar\'fdn i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fd i\'e7in bir tuzak haline gelmi\'fe olan sahte sol uzant\'fdlar\'fdna kar\'fe\'fd bir ba\'fekald\'fdr\'fd bi\'e7
iminde geli\'feecek.
\par D\'f6rd\'fcnc\'fc Enternasyonal\rquote in Uluslararas\'fd Komitesi ve onun Stalinizme, sosyal demokrasiye, Pablocu revizyonizme ve k\'fc\'e7\'fck burjuva sahte sol politikan\'fdn di\'f0er bi\'e7imlerine kar\'fe\'fd tarihsel m\'fccadelesi, i\'fe\'e7i s\'fd
n\'fdf\'fdn\'fdn bu m\'fccadeleler i\'e7in silahland\'fdr\'fdlmas\'fdnda belirleyici olacakt\'fdr. DEUK\rquote un bu e\'f0ilimlerin sa\'f0a kaymas\'fdn\'fd \'f6ng\'f6rme ve rollerini a\'e7\'fd\'f0a \'e7\'fdkarma yetene\'f0i, onun \'feimdi in\'fe
a edilmesi gereken Marksist parti oldu\'f0unu do\'f0rulamaktad\'fdr. DEUK ve \'feubeleri Sosyalist E\'feitlik Partileri, kapitalizme ve sava\'fea kar\'fe\'fd m\'fccadelede i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn\'fd birle\'fetirebilecek sosyalist bir program\'fd
temsil eden tek e\'f0ilimdir.
\par Peter Schwarz
\par A\'f0ustos 2019}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350207
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13978363\charrsid12350207
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13978363 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13978363 1. Devrimci bir durum geli\'feiyor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13978363\charrsid13978363
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13978363 1968 \'f6ncesi Fransa
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13978363 Fransa, 1960\rquote larda, derin bir \'e7eli\'feki ile karakterize ediliyordu. Siyasi rejim otoriter ve son derece gericiydi. Onun simgesi, ba\'feka bir \'e7a\'f0dan gelmi\'fe gibi g\'f6r\'fcnen ve Be\'fe
inci Cumhuriyet\rquote i tamamen kendi ki\'feili\'f0ini \'f6rnek alarak y\'f6neten General de Gaulle\rquote d\'fc. De Gaulle, 1958\rquote de devlet ba\'fekan\'fd se\'e7ildi\'f0inde 68, 1969\rquote da istifa etti\'f0inde ise 78 ya\'fe\'fdndayd\'fd
. Bununla birlikte, bu eski generalin kemikle\'femi\'fe y\'f6netimi alt\'fdnda, Frans\'fdz toplumunun sosyal bile\'feimini k\'f6kten de\'f0i\'fetiren h\'fdzl\'fd bir ekonomik modernle\'feme ya\'fean\'fdyordu. \'ddkinci D\'fcnya Sava\'fe\'fd\rquote n\'fd
n sonunda, Fransa\rquote n\'fdn b\'fcy\'fck bir k\'fdsm\'fd tar\'fdma dayanmakta, n\'fcfusun y\'fczde 37\rquote si hala k\'fdrsal b\'f6lgelerde ya\'feamaktayd\'fd. Sonraki 20 y\'fdl i\'e7inde, Frans\'fdz \'e7ift\'e7ilerin \'fc\'e7te ikisi topra\'f0\'fd
terk etti ve kentlere ta\'fe\'fdnd\'fd. Onlar, g\'f6\'e7men i\'fe\'e7ilerle birlikte, i\'fe\'e7i s\'fdn\'fdf\'fdn\'fdn saflar\'fdna, sendika b\'fcrokrasisinin kontrol alt\'fdna almas\'fd zor olan, gen\'e7 ve militan bir toplumsal kesimi katt\'fdlar.
\par 1962\rquote de Cezayir Sava\'fe\'fd\rquote n\'fdn bitmesinden sonra, Frans\'fdz ekonomisi h\'fdzla b\'fcy\'fcd\'fc. S\'f6m\'fcrgelerin kayb\'fd, Frans\'fdz burjuvazisini, ekonomisini daha g\'fc\'e7l\'fc bir \'feekilde Avrupa\rquote ya y\'f6
nlendirmeye zorlad\'fd. Fransa, Avrupa Birli\'f0i\rquote nin \'f6nc\'fcl\'fc olan Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\'f0u\rquote nun kurulu\'fe belgesi Roma Antla\'femas\'fd\rquote n\'fd 1957 y\'fdl\'fdnda imzalam\'fd\'fet\'fd. Avrupa\rquote n\'fdn ekonomik b\'fct
\'fcnle\'femesi, k\'f6m\'fcr madenlerinin ve di\'f0er eski i\'fekollar\'fdn\'fdn gerilemesini telafi etmekten daha fazlas\'fd olan yeni sanayi dallar\'fdn\'fdn kurulmas\'fdna katk\'fdda bulundu. Otomobil, u\'e7ak, havac\'fdl\'fdk, silah ve n\'fc
kleer enerji alanlar\'fdnda, devletin deste\'f0iyle yeni \'feirketler ve fabrikalar a\'e7\'fdld\'fd. Bunlar genellikle eski sanayi merkezlerinin d\'fd\'fe\'fdnda kurulmu\'felard\'fd ve 1968\rquote deki genel grevin kaleleri aras\'fdnda yer ald\'fdlar.
\par Normandiya\rquote daki Caen kenti bu a\'e7\'fddan tipiktir. Orada oturanlar\'fdn say\'fds\'fd 1954 ile 1968 y\'fdllar\'fd aras\'fdnda 90.000\rquote den 150.000\rquote e \'e7\'fdkm\'fd\'fet\'fd ve bu insanlar\'fdn yar\'fds\'fd 30 ya\'fe\'fdn\'fdn alt\'fd
ndayd\'fd. Otomobil \'fcreticisi Renault\rquote nun bir yan kurulu\'feu olan Saviem\rquote de yakla\'fe\'fdk 3.000 i\'fe\'e7i \'e7al\'fd\'fe\'fdyordu. Onlar, genel grevden d\'f6rt ay \'f6nce, Ocak ay\'fdnda greve \'e7\'fdkt\'fdlar, fabrikay\'fd ge\'e7
ici olarak i\'fegal ettiler ve polis ile \'feiddetli \'e7at\'fd\'femalara girdiler.
\par Sendikalar i\'e7indeki radikalle\'feme de dikkat \'e7ekiciydi. Eski Katolik sendika, Frans\'fdz Hristiyan \'dd\'fe\'e7i Konfederasyonu (CFTC) b\'f6l\'fcnd\'fc ve \'fcyelerin \'e7o\'f0unlu\'f0u \'93s\'fdn\'fdf m\'fccadelesi\'94ni kabul eden ve 1966\rquote
n\'fdn ba\'felar\'fdnda CGT ile bir eylem birli\'f0ine giren Frans\'fdz Demokratik \'dd\'fe\'e7i Konfederasyonu\rquote nda (CFDT) laik temelde yeniden \'f6rg\'fctlendi.
\par Yeni sanayilerin kurulmas\'fd, e\'f0itim sekt\'f6r\'fcn\'fcn h\'fdzla geni\'felemesini beraberinde getirdi. Acilen yeni m\'fchendisler, teknisyenler ve kalifiye elemanlar gerekiyordu. Sadece 1962 ile 1968 y\'fdllar\'fd aras\'fdnda, \'f6\'f0renci say\'fds
\'fd iki kat\'fdna \'e7\'fdkm\'fd\'fet\'fd. \'dcniversiteler, fabrikalar gibi a\'fe\'fdr\'fd kalabal\'fdk ve k\'f6t\'fc donan\'fdml\'fdyd\'fd. Ayr\'fdca \'e7a\'f0d\'fd\'fe\'fd tav\'fdrlar sergileyen ataerkil bir y\'f6netim taraf\'fd
ndan kontrol ediliyordu.
\par K\'f6t\'fc e\'f0itim ko\'feullar\'fdna ve otoriter \'fcniversite sistemine (di\'f0er \'feeylerin yan\'fd s\'fdra, \'f6rne\'f0in, \'f6\'f0rencilerin kar\'fe\'fd cinsten arkada\'felar\'fdn\'fd yurtlarda ziyaret etmesinin yasak olmas\'fdna) kar\'fe\'fd
muhalefet, bu t\'fcr sorunlar\'fd k\'fdsa s\'fcre i\'e7inde politika ile birle\'fetiren \'f6\'f0rencilerin radikalle\'femesinde \'f6nemli bir etkendi. May\'fds 1966\rquote da, Vietnam Sava\'fe\'fd\rquote na kar\'fe\'fd ilk g\'f6steri ger\'e7ekle\'fe
ti. Bir y\'fdl sonra, 2 Haziran 1967\rquote de, Benno Ohnesorg adl\'fd bir \'f6\'f0renci Berlin\rquote de polis taraf\'fdndan vurularak \'f6ld\'fcr\'fcld\'fc ve Alman \'f6\'f0rencilerin protestolar\'fd Fransa\rquote da yank\'fd buldu.
\par Ayn\'fd y\'fdl, d\'fcnya \'e7ap\'fdndaki durgunlu\'f0un etkileri hissediliyordu ve bunun i\'fe\'e7iler \'fczerinde radikalle\'fetirici bir etkisi oldu. Onlar\'fdn ya\'feam standartlar\'fd ve \'e7al\'fd\'fema ko\'feullar\'fd, y\'fdllard\'fdr, ekonomik kalk
\'fdnma h\'fdz\'fdn\'fdn gerisinde kalm\'fd\'fet\'fd. \'dccretler d\'fc\'fe\'fckt\'fc, \'e7al\'fd\'fema saatleri uzundu ve i\'fe\'e7iler fabrikalar\'fdn i\'e7inde hi\'e7bir hakka sahip de\'f0ildi. \'deimdi de i\'fesizlik ve i\'fe y\'fck\'fc art\'fd
yordu. Madencilik, \'e7elik, tekstil ve in\'feaat sekt\'f6rleri durgundu.
\par Sendikalar\'fdn \'f6nderlikleri kontrol\'fc kaybetmemek i\'e7in yukar\'fddan g\'f6steriler d\'fczenliyorlard\'fd. Ancak tabandan \'f6rg\'fctlenen yerel protestolar geli\'feiyor ve polis taraf\'fdndan vah\'feice bast\'fdr\'fdl\'fdyordu. \'deubat 1967
\rquote de, Besan\'e7on kentindeki tekstil \'fcreticisi Rhodiac\'e9ta\rquote da \'e7al\'fd\'feanlar, fabrikay\'fd i\'fegal eden, i\'feten \'e7\'fdkarmalar\'fd protesto eden ve daha iyi \'e7al\'fd\'fema ko\'feullar\'fd talep eden ilk i\'fe\'e7ilerdi.
\par \'c7ift\'e7iler de gelirlerin azalmas\'fdna kar\'fe\'fd g\'f6steriler d\'fczenliyordu. 1967\rquote de, Fransa\rquote n\'fdn bat\'fds\'fdnda \'e7ift\'e7iler taraf\'fdndan d\'fczenlenen baz\'fd g\'f6steriler sokak sava\'felar\'fdna d\'f6n\'fc\'fet\'fc. D
\'f6nemin bir polis raporuna g\'f6re, \'e7ift\'e7iler \'93\'e7ok say\'fdda, sald\'fdrgan ve \'f6rg\'fctl\'fcyd\'fc; c\'fdvatalar, kald\'fdr\'fdm ta\'felar\'fd, metal par\'e7alar\'fd, \'fei\'feeler ve \'e7ak\'fdl ta\'felar\'fd gibi \'e7e\'fe
itli cisimlerle silahlanm\'fd\'felard\'fd.\'94
\par 1968\rquote in ba\'fe\'fdnda, Fransa g\'f6r\'fcn\'fc\'fete sakindi ama toplumsal gerilimler alttan alta mayalan\'fdyordu. B\'fct\'fcn \'fclke barut f\'fd\'e7\'fds\'fdn\'fd and\'fdr\'fdyordu. Patlamaya neden olacak \'feey rastgele bir k\'fdv\'fdlc\'fdmd
\'fd ve bu k\'fdv\'fdlc\'fdm \'f6\'f0renci protestolar\'fd taraf\'fdndan \'e7ak\'fdld\'fd.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13978363 \'d6\'f0renci isyan\'fd ve genel grev
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13978363 Nanterre \'dcniversitesi, 1960\rquote larda kurulan okullar aras\'fdndad\'fdr. Paris\rquote in sadece be\'fe kilometre d\'fd\'fe\'fdnda bulunan ve daha \'f6nce orduya ait olan bir arazi \'fczerine in\'fe
a edilen \'fcniversite, 1964 y\'fdl\'fdnda a\'e7\'fdlm\'fd\'fet\'fdr. Buras\'fd, \'93bidonvilles\'94 [gecekondu mahallesi] diye adland\'fdr\'fdlan yoksul mahallelerle ve fabrikalarla \'e7evriliydi. 8 Ocak 1968\rquote de, protestocu \'f6\'f0
renciler, yeni bir y\'fczme havuzu a\'e7mak i\'e7in b\'f6lgede bulunan Gen\'e7lik Bakan\'fd Fran\'e7ois Missoffe ile tart\'fd\'fem\'fd\'felard\'fd.
\par Bu olay, bir ba\'fe\'fdna g\'f6rece \'f6nemsiz olmakla birlikte, \'f6\'f0rencilere y\'f6nelik disiplin \'f6nlemlerini ve polisin tekrarlanan m\'fcdahalelerini t\'fdrmand\'fdrd\'fd ve Nanterre\rquote i, h\'fdzla t\'fcm \'fclkedeki \'fc
niversitelere ve liselere yay\'fdlan bir hareketin ba\'felang\'fd\'e7 noktas\'fd haline getirdi. Hareketin merkezinde, daha iyi \'f6\'f0renim ko\'feullar\'fd, \'fcniversiteye serbest eri\'feim, daha fazla ki\'feisel ve siyasal \'f6zg\'fcrl\'fc
kler, tutuklanan \'f6\'f0rencilerin serbest b\'fdrak\'fdlmas\'fd ve ayr\'fdca, ABD\rquote nin Ocak ay\'fdn\'fdn sonunda Tet Sald\'fdr\'fds\'fd\rquote n\'fd ba\'felatt\'fd\'f0\'fd Vietnam Sava\'fe\'fd\rquote na kar\'fe\'fd talepler bulunuyordu.
\par Caen ve Bordeaux gibi baz\'fd \'feehirlerde i\'fe\'e7iler, \'f6\'f0renciler ve lise \'f6\'f0rencileri hep birlikte sokaklara d\'f6k\'fcld\'fcler. 12 Nisan\rquote da, Berlin\rquote de kudurmu\'fe bir sa\'f0c\'fd taraf\'fdndan sokakta vurulan Alman \'f6\'f0
renci Rudi Dutschke\rquote ye destek i\'e7in Paris\rquote te bir dayan\'fd\'fema g\'f6sterisi d\'fczenlendi.
\par 22 Mart\rquote ta, 142 \'f6\'f0renci Nanterre \'dcniversitesi\rquote nin y\'f6netim binas\'fdn\'fd i\'fegal etti. Y\'f6netim, bu i\'fegale, \'fcniversiteyi bir ay boyunca tamamen kapatarak kar\'fe\'fdl\'fdk verdi. \'c7at\'fd\'fema, ard\'fdndan, Paris
\rquote teki Latin Mahallesi\rquote nde bulunan, Fransa\rquote n\'fdn en eski \'fcniversitesi Sorbonne\rquote a kayd\'fd. 3 May\'fds\rquote ta, \'e7e\'feitli \'f6\'f0renci \'f6rg\'fctlerinin temsilcileri, kampanyan\'fdn nas\'fdl ilerlemesi gerekti\'f0
ini tart\'fd\'femak i\'e7in bir araya geldiler. Bu s\'fdrada a\'fe\'fdr\'fd sa\'f0c\'fd gruplar d\'fd\'fear\'fdda g\'f6steri yap\'fdyordu. \'dcniversite dekan\'fd \'f6\'f0rencileri kamp\'fcsten \'e7\'fdkarmas\'fd i\'e7in polise \'e7a\'f0r\'fd yapt\'fd
. Kendili\'f0inden, b\'fcy\'fck bir g\'f6steri patlak verdi. Polisin tepkisi \'e7ok sert olurken, \'f6\'f0renciler buna barikatlar kurarak kar\'fe\'fdl\'fdk verdiler. Gecenin sonunda y\'fczlerce ki\'fei yaralanm\'fd\'fe ve y\'fczlercesi de tutuklanm\'fd
\'fet\'fd. Bir mahkeme, tutuklamalardan bir g\'fcn sonra, polislerin ifadesine dayanarak 13 \'f6\'f0renciye sert cezalar verdi.
\par H\'fck\'fcmet ve medya, Latin Mahallesi\rquote ndeki sokak sava\'felar\'fdn\'fd radikal gruplar\'fdn ve sorunlu ki\'feilerin i\'fei gibi g\'f6stermeye \'e7al\'fd\'fet\'fd. Bu \'f6\'f0renci kar\'fe\'fdt\'fd koroya Kom\'fcnist Parti de kat\'fdld\'fd
. Daha sonra genel sekreter olan partinin iki numaral\'fd ki\'feisi Georges Marchais, parti gazetesi }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13978363\charrsid7739338 I\rquote Humanit\'e9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13978363 \rquote nin \'f6
n sayfas\'fdnda, \'93sahte devrimci\'94 \'f6\'f0rencilere yayl\'fdm ate\'fei a\'e7t\'fd ve onlar\'fd \'93fa\'feist provokat\'f6rlere\'94 yard\'fdmc\'fd olmakla su\'e7lad\'fd. Marchais, en \'e7ok, \'f6\'f0rencilerin \'93fabrika kap\'fdlar\'fdnda ve g\'f6
\'e7men i\'fe\'e7i mahallelerinde artan say\'fdlarda bro\'fe\'fcr ve di\'f0er propaganda malzemesi da\'f0\'fdtmalar\'fd\'94 ger\'e7e\'f0inden rahats\'fdz olmu\'fetu. O, \'93Bu sahte devrimciler, nesnel olarak de Gaullc\'fc rejimin ve b\'fcy\'fc
k kapitalist tekellerin \'e7\'fdkarlar\'fdna hizmet ettikleri i\'e7in te\'fehir edilmelidir,\'94 diye hayk\'fdr\'fdyordu.
\par Ancak, bu karalama sald\'fdr\'fds\'fdn\'fdn hi\'e7bir etkisi olmad\'fd. Polisin son derece sert m\'fcdahalelerini radyodan \'f6\'f0renen \'fclke \'feok oldu. Olaylar art\'fdk kendi devinimiyle geli\'feiyordu. Paris\rquote teki g\'f6steriler her ge\'e7en g
\'fcn daha da b\'fcy\'fcd\'fc ve di\'f0er \'feehirlere yay\'fdld\'fd. Bu g\'f6steriler polis bask\'fds\'fdna y\'f6nelikti ve tutuklanan \'f6\'f0rencilerin serbest b\'fdrak\'fdlmas\'fdn\'fd talep ediyorlard\'fd. Boykota lise \'f6\'f0rencileri de kat\'fdld
\'fdlar. 8 May\'fds\rquote ta, Bat\'fd Fransa\rquote da ilk bir g\'fcnl\'fck genel grev ger\'e7ekle\'feti.
\par Latin Mahallesi, 10-11 May\'fds\rquote tan itibaren \'93Barikatlar Gecesi\'94ne girdi. \'dcniversite b\'f6lgesinde, sonradan sabah saat ikide g\'f6z ya\'feart\'fdc\'fd gaz kullanan polisin sald\'fdr\'fds\'fdna u\'f0
rayacak olan on binlerce barikat kuruldu. Y\'fczlerce ki\'fei yaraland\'fd.
\par Ertesi g\'fcn, \'ddran\rquote daki resmi ziyaretten yeni d\'f6nm\'fc\'fe olan Ba\'febakan Georges Pompidou, Sorbonne \'dcniversitesi\rquote nin yeniden a\'e7\'fdld\'fd\'f0\'fdn\'fd ve g\'f6zalt\'fdndaki \'f6\'f0rencilerin serbest b\'fdrak\'fdld\'fd\'f0
\'fdn\'fd duyurdu. Ancak, onun att\'fd\'f0\'fd ad\'fdmlar art\'fdk durumu kontrol edemiyordu. Kom\'fcnist Parti\rquote nin hakim oldu\'f0u CGT de dahil olmak \'fczere, sendikalar, polis bask\'fds\'fdna kar\'fe\'fd 13 May\'fds\rquote ta genel grev \'e7a
\'f0r\'fds\'fd yapt\'fdlar. Sendikalar, ba\'feka t\'fcrl\'fc davranmalar\'fd durumunda militan i\'fe\'e7iler \'fczerindeki denetimi kaybedeceklerinden korkuyorlard\'fd.
\par Grev \'e7a\'f0r\'fds\'fd b\'fcy\'fck bir kar\'fe\'fdl\'fdk buldu. \'c7ok say\'fdda kent, \'ddkinci D\'fcnya Sava\'fe\'fd\rquote ndan beri en b\'fcy\'fck kitle g\'f6sterilerine tan\'fdk oldu. Sadece Paris\rquote te 800.000 ki\'fei sokaklara \'e7\'fdkm\'fd
\'fet\'fd. Siyasi talepler \'f6n plana \'e7\'fdk\'fdyordu ve \'e7ok say\'fdda insan h\'fck\'fcmetin devrilmesini talep ediyordu. Ak\'feam boyunca, Sorbonne ve di\'f0er \'fcniversiteler, \'f6\'f0renciler taraf\'fdndan yeniden i\'fegal edildi.
\par Sendikalar\'fdn genel grevi bir g\'fcn ile s\'fdn\'fdrlama plan\'fd ba\'fear\'fds\'fdz oldu. Ertesi g\'fcn, 14 May\'fds\rquote ta, i\'fe\'e7iler, Nantes\rquote teki Sud-Aviation fabrikas\'fdn\'fd i\'fegal ettiler. Fabrika, bir ay boyunca i\'fe\'e7
ilerin denetiminde kald\'fd; y\'f6netim binas\'fdn\'fdn \'fczerinde k\'fdz\'fdl bayraklar dalgalan\'fdyordu. B\'f6lge m\'fcd\'fcr\'fc Duvochel, 16 g\'fcn boyunca i\'fegalciler taraf\'fdndan esir tutuldu. Bu s\'fdrada, Sud-Aviation\rquote un genel m\'fcd
\'fcr\'fc, Cezayir sava\'fe\'fdn\'fd protesto eden g\'f6stericilerin \'f6ld\'fcr\'fclmesinden sorumlu bir Nazi i\'febirlik\'e7isi, sava\'fe su\'e7lusu ve 1961\rquote de Paris polisinin ba\'fe\'fd olan, Maurice Papon\rquote du.
\par Di\'f0er fabrikalardaki i\'fe\'e7iler, Sud-Aviation\rquote daki \'f6rne\'f0i izliyor ve 15-20 May\'fds tarihleri aras\'fdnda \'fclke \'e7ap\'fdnda bir fabrika i\'fegalleri dalgas\'fd yay\'fdl\'fdyordu. Her yerde k\'fdz\'fdl bayraklar dalgalan\'fd
yor ve bir\'e7ok fabrikada y\'f6neticiler esir tutuluyordu. Eylemler, \'fclkenin en b\'fcy\'fck fabrikas\'fd ve Renault\rquote nun, 1947\rquote deki grev dalgas\'fdnda merkezi bir rol oynam\'fd\'fe ba\'fel\'fdca tesisi olan Billancourt\rquote
daki fabrika da dahil, y\'fczlerce fabrikay\'fd ve i\'feyerini etkiledi.
\par \'dd\'fe\'e7iler, ba\'felang\'fd\'e7ta, bir yerden di\'f0erine farkl\'fdl\'fdk g\'f6steren, daha adil \'fccret, \'e7al\'fd\'fema s\'fcrelerinin k\'fdsalt\'fdlmas\'fd, i\'feten \'e7\'fdkar\'fdlmama, fabrikadaki i\'fe\'e7iler i\'e7
in daha fazla hak gibi acil talepleri y\'fckseltiyorlard\'fd. \'dd\'fegal edilmi\'fe fabrikalarda ve \'e7evre b\'f6lgelerde, grevci i\'fe\'e7iler ile teknik ve idari personelin yan\'fd s\'fdra yerel sakinleri, \'fcniversite ve lise \'f6\'f0
rencilerini de i\'e7ine \'e7eken i\'fe\'e7i ve eylem komiteleri do\'f0du. Bu komiteler, grevlerin \'f6rg\'fctlenmesinin ve bunlar\'fdn yo\'f0un siyasi tart\'fd\'fema forumlar\'fdna d\'f6n\'fc\'femesinin sorumlulu\'f0unu \'fcstlendiler. Ayn\'fd \'feey,
\'f6\'f0renciler taraf\'fdndan b\'fcy\'fck \'f6l\'e7\'fcde i\'fegal edilmi\'fe olan \'fcniversiteler i\'e7in de ge\'e7erliydi.
\par Fransa, i\'fe\'e7i sendikalar\'fdn\'fdn ya da ba\'feka \'f6rg\'fctlerin b\'f6yle bir grev \'e7a\'f0r\'fds\'fd yapmam\'fd\'fe olmas\'fdna kar\'fe\'fdn, 20 May\'fds\rquote ta b\'fct\'fcn \'fclkeyi durma noktas\'fdna getiren bir genel grev ile sars\'fdld\'fd
. Fabrikalar, i\'feyerleri, \'fcniversiteler ve okullar i\'fegal edildi; \'fcretim ve ula\'fe\'fdm sistemi fel\'e7 oldu. Sanat\'e7\'fdlar, gazeteciler ve hatta futbolcular harekete kat\'fdl\'fdyordu. Fransa\rquote n\'fdn 15 milyonluk i\'feg\'fcc\'fcn\'fc
n on milyonu eylemlere kat\'fdlm\'fd\'fet\'fd. Daha sonra yap\'fdlan \'e7al\'fd\'femalar, bu rakam\'fd bir \'feekilde 7-9 milyona olarak de\'f0i\'fetirdi ama o, hala Frans\'fdz tarihinin en b\'fcy\'fck genel grevi olmaya devam ediyor. 1936 y\'fdl\'fd
ndaki genel grevde \'93sadece\'94 3 milyon i\'fe\'e7i yer al\'fdrken, 1947 genel grevine 2,5 milyon i\'fe\'e7i kat\'fdlm\'fd\'fet\'fd.
\par Grev dalgas\'fd, 22-30 May\'fds aras\'fdnda zirveye ula\'fet\'fd ve Temmuz ay\'fdna kadar s\'fcrd\'fc. D\'f6rt milyondan fazla i\'fe\'e7i \'fc\'e7 haftadan, iki milyondan fazla i\'fe\'e7i ise d\'f6rt haftadan uzun s\'fcre grevde kald\'fd. Fransa \'c7al
\'fd\'fema Bakanl\'fd\'f0\'fd\rquote na g\'f6re, 1968\rquote de, grevler nedeniyle toplam 150 milyon i\'fe g\'fcn\'fc kaybedilmi\'feti. Kar\'fe\'fdla\'fet\'fdrma yap\'fdl\'fdrsa, 1974 y\'fdl\'fdnda B\'fcy\'fck Britanya\rquote da madenciler taraf\'fd
ndan yap\'fdlan ve Edward Heath ba\'fekanl\'fd\'f0\'fdndaki Muhafazakar h\'fck\'fcmeti d\'fc\'fe\'fcren grev, toplam 14 milyon i\'fe g\'fcn\'fc kayb\'fdna yol a\'e7m\'fd\'fet\'fd.
\par H\'fck\'fcmet, 20 May\'fds\rquote ta \'fclkenin kontrol\'fcn\'fc b\'fcy\'fck \'f6l\'e7\'fcde kaybetti. De Gaulle\rquote \'fcn ve h\'fck\'fcmetinin istifa etmesi talebi (\'93on y\'fdl yeter\'94) her yere yay\'fdlm\'fd\'fet\'fd. De Gaulle, 24 May\'fds
\rquote ta, televizyonda ulusa seslenerek kontrol\'fc geri kazanmaya \'e7al\'fd\'fet\'fd. O, \'f6\'f0rencilere ve i\'fe\'e7ilere \'fcniversitelerde ve \'feirketlerde daha fazla hak tan\'fdyan bir referandum vaat etti ama onun televizyonda ortaya \'e7\'fd
kmas\'fd sadece g\'fc\'e7s\'fczl\'fc\'f0\'fcn\'fc g\'f6stermi\'feti ve konu\'femas\'fdn\'fdn hi\'e7bir etkisi olmad\'fd.
\par May\'fds ay\'fdn\'fdn ilk \'fc\'e7 haftas\'fdnda, Fransa\rquote da tarihte \'e7ok az \'f6rne\'f0i olan devrimci bir durum geli\'feti. Hareket, kararl\'fd bir \'f6nderlikle, de Gaulle\rquote \'fcn ve onun Be\'feinci Cumhuriyet\rquote inin siyasi yazg\'fds
\'fdn\'fd belirleyebilirdi. G\'fcvenlik g\'fc\'e7leri hala rejimin arkas\'fdndayd\'fd ama sistematik bir siyasi sald\'fdr\'fd kar\'fe\'fds\'fdnda g\'fc\'e7l\'fckle ayakta durabilirlerdi. Hareketin b\'fcy\'fckl\'fc\'f0\'fc onlar\'fdn saflar\'fd \'fc
zerinde y\'fdprat\'fdc\'fd bir etkide bulunurdu.
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